World Countries and Capitals
Afghanistan: Kabul
Albania: Tirane
Algeria: Algiers
Andorra: Andorra la Vella
Angola: Luanda
Antigua and Barbuda: Saint John's
Argentina: Buenos Aires
Armenia: Yerevan
Australia: Canberra
Austria: Vienna
Azerbaijan: Baku
The Bahamas: Nassau
Bahrain: Manama
Bangladesh: Dhaka
Barbados: Bridgetown
Belarus: Minsk
Belgium: Brussels
Belize: Belmopan
Benin: Porto-Novo
Bhutan: Thimphu
Bolivia: La Paz (administrative); Sucre (judicial)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Sarajevo
Botswana: Gaborone
Brazil: Brasilia
Brunei: Bandar Seri Begawan
Bulgaria: Sofia
Burkina Faso: Ouagadougou
Burundi: Bujumbura
Cambodia: Phnom Penh
Cameroon: Yaounde
Canada: Ottawa
Cape Verde: Praia
Central African Republic: Bangui
Chad: N'Djamena
Chile: Santiago
China: Beijing
Colombia: Bogota
Comoros: Moroni
Congo, Republic of the: Brazzaville
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: Kinshasa
Costa Rica: San Jose
Cote d'Ivoire: Yamoussoukro (official); Abidjan (de facto)
Croatia: Zagreb
Cuba: Havana
Cyprus: Nicosia
Czech Republic: Prague
Denmark: Copenhagen
Djibouti: Djibouti
Dominica: Roseau
Dominican Republic: Santo Domingo
East Timor (Timor-Leste): Dili
Ecuador: Quito
Egypt: Cairo
El Salvador: San Salvador
Equatorial Guinea: Malabo
Eritrea: Asmara
Estonia: Tallinn
Ethiopia: Addis Ababa
Fiji: Suva
Finland: Helsinki
France: Paris
Gabon: Libreville
The Gambia: Banjul
Georgia: Tbilisi
Germany: Berlin
Ghana: Accra
Greece: Athens
Grenada: Saint George's
Guatemala: Guatemala City
Guinea: Conakry
Guinea-Bissau: Bissau
Guyana: Georgetown
Haiti: Port-au-Prince
Honduras: Tegucigalpa
Hungary: Budapest
Iceland: Reykjavik
India: New Delhi
Indonesia: Jakarta
Iran: Tehran
Iraq: Baghdad
Ireland: Dublin
Israel: Jerusalem
Italy: Rome
Jamaica: Kingston
Japan: Tokyo
Jordan: Amman
Kazakhstan: Astana
Kenya: Nairobi
Kiribati: Tarawa Atoll
Korea, North: Pyongyang
Korea, South: Seoul
Kosovo: Pristina
Kuwait: Kuwait City
Kyrgyzstan: Bishkek
Laos: Vientiane
Latvia: Riga
Lebanon: Beirut
Lesotho: Maseru
Liberia: Monrovia
Libya: Tripoli
Liechtenstein: Vaduz
Lithuania: Vilnius
Luxembourg: Luxembourg
Macedonia: Skopje
Madagascar: Antananarivo
Malawi: Lilongwe
Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur
Maldives: Male
Mali: Bamako
Malta: Valletta
Marshall Islands: Majuro
Mauritania: Nouakchott
Mauritius: Port Louis
Mexico: Mexico City
Micronesia, Federated States of: Palikir
Moldova: Chisinau
Monaco: Monaco
Mongolia: Ulaanbaatar
Montenegro: Podgorica
Morocco: Rabat
Mozambique: Maputo
Myanmar (Burma):Rangoon (Yangon); Naypyidaw or Nay Pyi Taw (administrative)
Namibia: Windhoek
Nauru: no official capital; government offices in Yaren District
Nepal: Kathmandu
Netherlands: Amsterdam; The Hague (seat of government)
New Zealand: Wellington
Nicaragua: Managua
Niger: Niamey
Nigeria: Abuja
Norway: Oslo
Oman: Muscat
Pakistan: Islamabad
Palau: Melekeok
Panama: Panama City
Papua New Guinea: Port Moresby
Paraguay: Asuncion
Peru: Lima
Philippines: Manila
Poland: Warsaw
Portugal: Lisbon
Qatar: Doha
Romania: Bucharest
Russia: Moscow
Rwanda: Kigali
Saint Kitts and Nevis: Basseterre
Saint Lucia: Castries
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Kingstown
Samoa: Apia
San Marino: San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe: Sao Tome
Saudi Arabia: Riyadh
Senegal: Dakar
Serbia: Belgrade
Seychelles: Victoria
Sierra Leone: Freetown
Singapore: Singapore
Slovakia: Bratislava
Slovenia: Ljubljana
Solomon Islands: Honiara
Somalia: Mogadishu
South Africa: Pretoria (administrative); Cape Town (legislative); Bloemfontein (judiciary)
Spain: Madrid
Sri Lanka: Colombo; Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative)
Sudan: Khartoum
Suriname: Paramaribo
Swaziland: Mbabane
Sweden: Stockholm
Switzerland: Bern
Syria: Damascus
Taiwan: Taipei
Tajikistan: Dushanbe
Tanzania: Dar es Salaam; Dodoma (legislative)
Thailand: Bangkok
Togo: Lome
Tonga: Nuku'alofa
Trinidad and Tobago: Port-of-Spain
Tunisia: Tunis
Turkey: Ankara
Turkmenistan: Ashgabat
Tuvalu: Vaiaku village, Funafuti province
Uganda: Kampala
Ukraine: Kyiv
United Arab Emirates: Abu Dhabi
United Kingdom: London
United States of America: Washington D.C.
Uruguay: Montevideo
Uzbekistan: Tashkent
Vanuatu: Port-Vila
Vatican City (Holy See): Vatican City
Venezuela: Caracas
Vietnam: Hanoi
Yemen: Sanaa
Zambia: Lusaka
Zimbabwe: Harare
गुरुवार, 24 जून 2010
विश्व जगत
General Knowledge : World
■ The first Prime minister of Bangladesh was Mujibur Rehman
■ The longest river in the world is the Nile
■ The longest highway in the world is the Trans-Canada
■ The longest highway in the world has a length of About 8000 km
■ The highest mountain in the world is the Everest
■ The country that accounts for nearly one third of the total teak production of the world is Myanmar
■ The biggest desert in the world is the Sahara desert
■ The largest coffee growing country in the world is Brazil
■ The country also known as "country of Copper" is Zambia
■ The name given to the border which separates Pakistan and Afghanistan is Durand line
■ The river Volga flows out into the Capsian sea
■ The coldest place on the earth is Verkoyansk in Siberia
■ The country which ranks second in terms of land area is Canada
■ The largest Island in the Mediterranean sea is Sicily
■ The river Jordan flows out into the Dead sea
■ The biggest delta in the world is the Sunderbans
■ The capital city that stands on the river Danube is Belgrade
■ The Japanese call their country as Nippon
■ The length of the English channel is 564 kilometres
■ The world's oldest known city is Damascus
■ The city which is also known as the City of Canals is Venice
■ The country in which river Wangchu flows is Myanmar
■ The biggest island of the world is Greenland
■ The city which is the biggest centre for manufacture of automobiles in the world is Detroit, USA
■ The country which is the largest producer of manganese in the world is USA
■ The country which is the largest producer of rubber in the world is Malaysia
■ The country which is the largest producer of tin in the world is Malaysia
■ The river which carries maximum quantity of water into the sea is the Mississippi
■ The city which was once called the `Forbidden City' was Peking
■ The country called the Land of Rising Sun is Japan
■ Mount Everest was named after Sir George Everest
■ The volcano Vesuvius is located in Italy
■ The country known as the Sugar Bowl of the world is Cuba
■ The length of the Suez Canal is 162.5 kilometers
■ The lowest point on earth is The coastal area of Dead sea
■ The Gurkhas are the original inhabitants of Nepal
■ The largest ocean of the world is the Pacific ocean
■ The largest bell in the world is the Tsar Kolkol at Kremlin, Moscow
■ The biggest stadium in the world is the Strahov Stadium, Prague
■ The world's largest diamond producing country is South Africa
■ Australia was discovered by James Cook
■ The first Governor General of Pakistan is Mohammed Ali Jinnah
■ Dublin is situated at the mouth of river Liffey
■ The earlier name of New York city was New Amsterdam
■ The Eifel tower was built by Alexander Eiffel
■ The Red Cross was founded by Jean Henri Durant
■ The country which has the greatest population density is Monaco
■ The national flower of Britain is Rose
■ Niagara Falls was discovered by Louis Hennepin
■ The national flower of Italy is Lily
■ The national flower of China is Narcissus
■ The permanent secretariat of the SAARC is located at Kathmandu
■ The gateway to the Gulf of Iran is Strait of Hormuz
■ The first Industrial Revolution took place in England
■ World Environment Day is observed on 5th June
■ The first Republican President of America was Abraham Lincoln
■ The country famous for Samba dance is Brazil
■ The name of Alexander's horse was Beucephalus
■ Singapore was founded by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles
■ The famous British one-eyed Admiral was Nelson
■ The earlier name of Sri Lanka was Ceylon
■ The UNO was formed in the year 1945
■ UNO stands for United Nations Organization
■ The independence day of South Korea is celebrated on 15th August
■ 'Last Judgement' was the first painting of an Italian painter named Michelangelo
■ Paradise Regained was written by John Milton
■ The first President of Egypt was Mohammed Nequib
■ The first man to reach North Pole was Rear Peary
■ The most famous painting of Pablo Picasso was Guermica
■ The primary producer of newsprint in the world is Canada
■ The first explorer to reach the South Pole was Cap. Ronald Amundson
■ The person who is called the father of modern Italy is G.Garibaldi
■ World literacy day is celebrated on 8th September
■ The founder of modern Germany is Bismarck
■ The country known as the land of the midnight sun is Norway
■ The place known as the Roof of the world is Tibet
■ The founder of the Chinese Republic was San Yat Sen
■ The first Pakistani to receive the Nobel Prize was Abdul Salam
■ The first woman Prime Minister of Britain was Margaret Thatcher
■ The first Secretary General of the UNO was Trygve Lie
■ The sculptor of the statue of Liberty was Frederick Auguste Bartholdi
■ The port of Banku is situated in Azerbaijan
■ John F Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harry Oswald
■ The largest river in France is Lore
■ The Queen of England who married her brother-in-law was Catherine of Aragon
■ The first negro to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize was Ralph Johnson Bunche
■ The first British University to admit women for degree courses was London University
■ The principal export of Jamaica is Sugar
■ New York is popularly known as the city of Skyscrapers
■ Madagascar is popularly known as the Island of Cloves
■ The country known as the Land of White Elephant is Thailand
■ The country known as the Land of Morning Calm is Korea
■ The country known as the Land of Thunderbolts is Bhutan
■ The highest waterfalls in the world is the Salto Angel Falls(Venezuela)
■ The largest library in the world is the United States Library of Congress Washington DC
■ The first Prime minister of Bangladesh was Mujibur Rehman
■ The longest river in the world is the Nile
■ The longest highway in the world is the Trans-Canada
■ The longest highway in the world has a length of About 8000 km
■ The highest mountain in the world is the Everest
■ The country that accounts for nearly one third of the total teak production of the world is Myanmar
■ The biggest desert in the world is the Sahara desert
■ The largest coffee growing country in the world is Brazil
■ The country also known as "country of Copper" is Zambia
■ The name given to the border which separates Pakistan and Afghanistan is Durand line
■ The river Volga flows out into the Capsian sea
■ The coldest place on the earth is Verkoyansk in Siberia
■ The country which ranks second in terms of land area is Canada
■ The largest Island in the Mediterranean sea is Sicily
■ The river Jordan flows out into the Dead sea
■ The biggest delta in the world is the Sunderbans
■ The capital city that stands on the river Danube is Belgrade
■ The Japanese call their country as Nippon
■ The length of the English channel is 564 kilometres
■ The world's oldest known city is Damascus
■ The city which is also known as the City of Canals is Venice
■ The country in which river Wangchu flows is Myanmar
■ The biggest island of the world is Greenland
■ The city which is the biggest centre for manufacture of automobiles in the world is Detroit, USA
■ The country which is the largest producer of manganese in the world is USA
■ The country which is the largest producer of rubber in the world is Malaysia
■ The country which is the largest producer of tin in the world is Malaysia
■ The river which carries maximum quantity of water into the sea is the Mississippi
■ The city which was once called the `Forbidden City' was Peking
■ The country called the Land of Rising Sun is Japan
■ Mount Everest was named after Sir George Everest
■ The volcano Vesuvius is located in Italy
■ The country known as the Sugar Bowl of the world is Cuba
■ The length of the Suez Canal is 162.5 kilometers
■ The lowest point on earth is The coastal area of Dead sea
■ The Gurkhas are the original inhabitants of Nepal
■ The largest ocean of the world is the Pacific ocean
■ The largest bell in the world is the Tsar Kolkol at Kremlin, Moscow
■ The biggest stadium in the world is the Strahov Stadium, Prague
■ The world's largest diamond producing country is South Africa
■ Australia was discovered by James Cook
■ The first Governor General of Pakistan is Mohammed Ali Jinnah
■ Dublin is situated at the mouth of river Liffey
■ The earlier name of New York city was New Amsterdam
■ The Eifel tower was built by Alexander Eiffel
■ The Red Cross was founded by Jean Henri Durant
■ The country which has the greatest population density is Monaco
■ The national flower of Britain is Rose
■ Niagara Falls was discovered by Louis Hennepin
■ The national flower of Italy is Lily
■ The national flower of China is Narcissus
■ The permanent secretariat of the SAARC is located at Kathmandu
■ The gateway to the Gulf of Iran is Strait of Hormuz
■ The first Industrial Revolution took place in England
■ World Environment Day is observed on 5th June
■ The first Republican President of America was Abraham Lincoln
■ The country famous for Samba dance is Brazil
■ The name of Alexander's horse was Beucephalus
■ Singapore was founded by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles
■ The famous British one-eyed Admiral was Nelson
■ The earlier name of Sri Lanka was Ceylon
■ The UNO was formed in the year 1945
■ UNO stands for United Nations Organization
■ The independence day of South Korea is celebrated on 15th August
■ 'Last Judgement' was the first painting of an Italian painter named Michelangelo
■ Paradise Regained was written by John Milton
■ The first President of Egypt was Mohammed Nequib
■ The first man to reach North Pole was Rear Peary
■ The most famous painting of Pablo Picasso was Guermica
■ The primary producer of newsprint in the world is Canada
■ The first explorer to reach the South Pole was Cap. Ronald Amundson
■ The person who is called the father of modern Italy is G.Garibaldi
■ World literacy day is celebrated on 8th September
■ The founder of modern Germany is Bismarck
■ The country known as the land of the midnight sun is Norway
■ The place known as the Roof of the world is Tibet
■ The founder of the Chinese Republic was San Yat Sen
■ The first Pakistani to receive the Nobel Prize was Abdul Salam
■ The first woman Prime Minister of Britain was Margaret Thatcher
■ The first Secretary General of the UNO was Trygve Lie
■ The sculptor of the statue of Liberty was Frederick Auguste Bartholdi
■ The port of Banku is situated in Azerbaijan
■ John F Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harry Oswald
■ The largest river in France is Lore
■ The Queen of England who married her brother-in-law was Catherine of Aragon
■ The first negro to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize was Ralph Johnson Bunche
■ The first British University to admit women for degree courses was London University
■ The principal export of Jamaica is Sugar
■ New York is popularly known as the city of Skyscrapers
■ Madagascar is popularly known as the Island of Cloves
■ The country known as the Land of White Elephant is Thailand
■ The country known as the Land of Morning Calm is Korea
■ The country known as the Land of Thunderbolts is Bhutan
■ The highest waterfalls in the world is the Salto Angel Falls(Venezuela)
■ The largest library in the world is the United States Library of Congress Washington DC
विश्व की कुछ धरोहर
WORLD'S BIGGEST
INDOOR SWIMMING-POOL
World Water Park
Edmonton, Albert, Canada
Size : 5 Acres
• Largest Airport : King Abdul Khalid International Airport (Saudi Arabia)
• Highest Airport : Lhasa Airport, Tibet
• Tallest Animal : Giraffe
• Largest Animal : Blue Bottom whale
• Largest Bay : Hudson Bay, Canada.
• Fastest Bird : Swift
• Largest Bird : Ostrich
• Smallest Bird : Humming bird
• Fastest Animal : Cheetah
• Biggest Flower : Rafflesia (Java)
• Longest Bridge : Huey P. Long Bridge (USA)
• Longest Canal : Baltic sea White Canal
• Largest Cathedral : Cathedral Church of New York
• Largest Cemetry : Ohlsdorf Cemetry (Hamburg, Germany)
• Largest Church : Balisca of St. Peter in the Vatican City, Rome.
• Largest Continent : Asia
• Smallest Continent : Australia
• Largest Country (Area) : Russia
• Smallest Country (Area) : Vatican City
• Biggest Cinema House : Roxy, New York
• Highest City : Wenchuan, China
• Most Populous City : Tokyo
• Longest Day : June 21
• Shortest Day : December 22
• Largest Delta : Sunderban (India)
• Largest Desert : Sahara, North Africa
• Biggest Dome : Gol Gumbaz (Bijapur), India
• Largest Dams : Grand Coulee Dam, USA
• Tallest Fountain : Fountain Hills, Arizona
• Largest Gulf : Gulf of Mexico
• Largest Hotel : Excalibur Hotel (Las Vegas, Nevada, USA)
• Largest Island : Greenland
• Largest Lake : Caspian Sea.
• Deepest Lake : Baikal (Siberia)
• Highest Lake : Titicaca (Bolivia)
• Largest Library : United States Library of Congress, Washington
• Largest Mosque : Jama Masjid, Delhi (India)
• Highest Mountain Peak : Mount Everest (Nepal)
• Highest Mountain Range : Himalayas, Asia.
• Largest Mountain Range : Andes (South America)
• Biggest Museum : American Museum of Natural History (New York)
• Largest Minaret : Sultan Hassan Mosque (Egypt)
• Tallest Minaret : Qutub Minar, Delhi (India)
• Biggest Oceans : Pacific Ocean
• Deepest Oceans : Pacific Ocean
• Biggest Palace : Vatican (Rome)
• Largest Palace : Imperial Palace (China)
• Largest Park : National Park of North-Eastern (Greenland)
• Largest Peninsula : Arabia
• Highest Plateau : Pamir (Tibet)
• Longest Platform : Kharagpur, W. Bengal (India)
• Largest Platform : Grand Central Terminal, (Rly. Station), New York (USA)
• Longest River : Nile, Africa
• Longest River Dam : Hirakud Dam, India
• Largest Sea : South China Sea
• Largest Stadium : Starhove Stadium, Prague (Czech Republic)
• Tallest Statue : Motherland (Russia)
• Largest Sea-bird : Albatross
• Biggest Telescope : Mt. Palomar (USA)
• Longest Train : Flying Scotsman
• Largest Temple : Angkorwat in Combodia.
• Oldest Theatre : Teatro Olimpico (Itlay)
• Tallest Tower : C. N. Tower, Toronto (Canada)
• Longest Wall : Great Wall of China
• Highest Waterfall : Angel (Venezuela)
• Widest Waterfall : Khone Falls (Laos)
• Lowest Water Level : Dead Sea
• Longest Epic : Mahabharata
• Hottest Place : Azizia (Libya)
• Rainiest Place : Mosinram, near Cherrapunji (India)
• Highest Road : Leh-Nobra, Ladakh division India.
• Highest Village : Andean (Chile)
• Highest Volcano : Ojos del Salado, (Argentina) Chile
• Largest Volcano : Manuna Lea (Hawai)
• Lightest Gas : Hydrogen
• Longest Corridor : Rameshwaram Temple (India)
• Largest Democracy : India
• Highest Cable Car Project : Gulmarg (Jammu-Kashmir)
• Biggest Airbus : Double Decker A-380
• Highest Rail Track : Kwinghai- Tibbet Railway (China)
INDOOR SWIMMING-POOL
World Water Park
Edmonton, Albert, Canada
Size : 5 Acres
• Largest Airport : King Abdul Khalid International Airport (Saudi Arabia)
• Highest Airport : Lhasa Airport, Tibet
• Tallest Animal : Giraffe
• Largest Animal : Blue Bottom whale
• Largest Bay : Hudson Bay, Canada.
• Fastest Bird : Swift
• Largest Bird : Ostrich
• Smallest Bird : Humming bird
• Fastest Animal : Cheetah
• Biggest Flower : Rafflesia (Java)
• Longest Bridge : Huey P. Long Bridge (USA)
• Longest Canal : Baltic sea White Canal
• Largest Cathedral : Cathedral Church of New York
• Largest Cemetry : Ohlsdorf Cemetry (Hamburg, Germany)
• Largest Church : Balisca of St. Peter in the Vatican City, Rome.
• Largest Continent : Asia
• Smallest Continent : Australia
• Largest Country (Area) : Russia
• Smallest Country (Area) : Vatican City
• Biggest Cinema House : Roxy, New York
• Highest City : Wenchuan, China
• Most Populous City : Tokyo
• Longest Day : June 21
• Shortest Day : December 22
• Largest Delta : Sunderban (India)
• Largest Desert : Sahara, North Africa
• Biggest Dome : Gol Gumbaz (Bijapur), India
• Largest Dams : Grand Coulee Dam, USA
• Tallest Fountain : Fountain Hills, Arizona
• Largest Gulf : Gulf of Mexico
• Largest Hotel : Excalibur Hotel (Las Vegas, Nevada, USA)
• Largest Island : Greenland
• Largest Lake : Caspian Sea.
• Deepest Lake : Baikal (Siberia)
• Highest Lake : Titicaca (Bolivia)
• Largest Library : United States Library of Congress, Washington
• Largest Mosque : Jama Masjid, Delhi (India)
• Highest Mountain Peak : Mount Everest (Nepal)
• Highest Mountain Range : Himalayas, Asia.
• Largest Mountain Range : Andes (South America)
• Biggest Museum : American Museum of Natural History (New York)
• Largest Minaret : Sultan Hassan Mosque (Egypt)
• Tallest Minaret : Qutub Minar, Delhi (India)
• Biggest Oceans : Pacific Ocean
• Deepest Oceans : Pacific Ocean
• Biggest Palace : Vatican (Rome)
• Largest Palace : Imperial Palace (China)
• Largest Park : National Park of North-Eastern (Greenland)
• Largest Peninsula : Arabia
• Highest Plateau : Pamir (Tibet)
• Longest Platform : Kharagpur, W. Bengal (India)
• Largest Platform : Grand Central Terminal, (Rly. Station), New York (USA)
• Longest River : Nile, Africa
• Longest River Dam : Hirakud Dam, India
• Largest Sea : South China Sea
• Largest Stadium : Starhove Stadium, Prague (Czech Republic)
• Tallest Statue : Motherland (Russia)
• Largest Sea-bird : Albatross
• Biggest Telescope : Mt. Palomar (USA)
• Longest Train : Flying Scotsman
• Largest Temple : Angkorwat in Combodia.
• Oldest Theatre : Teatro Olimpico (Itlay)
• Tallest Tower : C. N. Tower, Toronto (Canada)
• Longest Wall : Great Wall of China
• Highest Waterfall : Angel (Venezuela)
• Widest Waterfall : Khone Falls (Laos)
• Lowest Water Level : Dead Sea
• Longest Epic : Mahabharata
• Hottest Place : Azizia (Libya)
• Rainiest Place : Mosinram, near Cherrapunji (India)
• Highest Road : Leh-Nobra, Ladakh division India.
• Highest Village : Andean (Chile)
• Highest Volcano : Ojos del Salado, (Argentina) Chile
• Largest Volcano : Manuna Lea (Hawai)
• Lightest Gas : Hydrogen
• Longest Corridor : Rameshwaram Temple (India)
• Largest Democracy : India
• Highest Cable Car Project : Gulmarg (Jammu-Kashmir)
• Biggest Airbus : Double Decker A-380
• Highest Rail Track : Kwinghai- Tibbet Railway (China)
कुछ जानकारियां भारत के बारें में
Facts About India
1. India is the seventh largest country in the world in terms of area.
2. Indian mainland extends between latitudes 8 degree 4' and 37 degree 6' north, longitudes 68 degree 7' and 97 degree 25' east and measures about 3,214 km from north to south between the extreme latitudes and about 2,933 km from east to west between the extreme longitudes.
3. India has land frontier of about 15,200 km. The total length of the coastline of the mainland, Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman and Nicobar Islands is 7,516.6 km.
4. Countries having common border with India are: Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar and Bangladesh. Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar.
5. Aravalli, Vindhya, Satpura, Maikala and Ajanta are prominent hill ranges that lie between the Peninsular India and the plains of Ganga.
6. The Eastern and Western Ghats meet at the southern part of the Indian Peninsula which is formed by the Nilgiri Hills. .
7. Ghagra, Gomti, Gandak, Kosi and Yamuna are the major Himalayan rivers that join the Ganga. Chambal, Betwa and Sone are major rivers flowing north from central India that join Yamuna/Ganga.
8. After Ganga, Godavari has the second largest basin covering 10 per cent of the area of India. Next to it is Krishna, followed by the Mahanadi basin.
9. The climate of India can be described as Tropical monsoon type.
10. India is in tenth position in the world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity.
11. Botanical Survey of India, (BSI), Kolkata is the nodal agency that is studying the flora of the country. BSI brings out an inventory of the endangered plants in the form of a publication titled "Red Data Book".
12. The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Kolkata and its 16 regional stations are responsible for surveying the faunal resources of India.
13. India has a great variety of fauna, numbering 89,451 species.
14. The design of the National Flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on July 22,1947.
15. The State emblem of India is an adaptation from the Sarnath Lion Capitol of Ashoka. Carved out of a single block of polished sandstone, the Capitol is crowned by the Wheel of the Law (Dizaram Chakra). There are four lions, standing back to back, mounted on an abacus with a frieze carrying sculptures in high relief of an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and a lion, separated by intervening wheels over a bell-shaped lotus.
16. In the State emblem, adopted on January 26,1950, only three lions are visible. The bell-shaped lotus has been omitted. The words, Satyameva Jayate, from Mundaka Upanishad, meaning 'truth alone triumphs', are inscribed below the abacus in Devanagiri script.
17. The song Jana-gana-mana, composed by Rabindranath Tagore, was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly, as the National Anthem of India, on January 24, 1950. It was first sung on December 27, 1911, at the Calcutta session of Indian National Congress. The complete song consists of five stanzas. The first stanza contains the full version of the National Anthem.
18. The national calendar of India is based on the Saka Era, with Chaitra as its first month. A normal year of 365 days was adopted from March 22, 1957, along with the Gregorian Calendar for the following purposes: (1) Gazette of India; (2) news broadcast by All India Radio; (3) calendars issued by Government of India; and (4) Government communications addressed to the members of the public.
19. Agriculture sector of India contributes 25 per cent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and about 70 per cent of the population is dependent on it.
20. There are three main crop seasons in India, namely, kharif, rabi and summer.'
21. Major kharif crops are: rice, jowar, bajra, maize, cotton, sugarcane, soyabean, and groundnut.
22. Major rabi crops are: wheat, barley, gram, linseed, rapeseed, and mustard. Rice, maize and groundnut are grown in summer season also.
23. In Indian agriculture, oilseeds are next to food grains in area coverage, production and value. India is,one of the largest oilseeds growing countries, contributing about 15 per cent to the acreage under oilseeds in the world.
24. The Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, set up a Technology Mission on Oilseeds in May 1986 with the objective to increase the production of oilseeds, reduce the import of edible oils and to achieve self-sufficiency in edible oils.
25. India is the third largest producer and consumer of fertilizers in the world, after China and USA. It contributes to 9.5 per cent of world production and 10.6 per cent of world consumption of NPK nutrients, but sustains one-sixth of the world population.
26. The National Biofertiliser Development Centre is located at Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh. Its six regional centres are located at .labalpur, Nagpur, Bangalore, Bhubaneshwar, Hissar and Imphal.
27. The Central Fertiliser Quality Control and Training Institute is located in Faridabad, Haryana. Its three regional centres are located at Mumbai, Chennai and Kalyani.
28. India accounts for about 10 per cent of the production of fruits in the world.
29. Mango is the most important fruit produced in India, covering about 39 per cent of the total area used for fruit production and accounting for 23 per cent of total fruit production of India.
30. India occupies first position in the total production of banana in the world.
31. India is next only to China in the area and production of vegetables. India contributes about 13 per cent of the world vegetable production and occupies first position in production of cauliflowers, second in onion and third in cabbage in the world.
32. India is the largest producer, processor, consumer and exporter of cashew nut in the world. India produces 45 per cent of the global production of cashew.
33. The Centrally-sponsored scheme of soil conservation in the catchments of River Valley Project (RVP) was started in the third Five-year Plan. Another scheme of FloodProne Rivers (FPR) was started in the sixth Plan. Both the schemes were clubbed during the ninth Plan and further subsumed under Macro Management Mode in November 2000.
34. The Locust Warning Organisation (LWO) is located in Jodhpur.
35. Seed sector in India consists of two national level corporations: National Seed Corporation (NSC) and State Farm Corporation of India (SFCI). The Seeds Act, 1966 provides for the legislative framework for regulation of quality of seeds sold in India.
36. The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC) launched a Central Sector Scheme during the ninth Plan to make available seeds for any contingent situation arising out of natural calamity.
37. Directorate of Marketing and Inspection (DMI) advises the Central and State governments on agricultural marketing policies and programmes. It is located in Faridabad, Haryana.
38. The National Institute of Agricultural Marketing (NIAM) is located in Jaipur.
39. Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institutes are located at Budni (Madhya Pradesh), Hissar (Haryana), Garladinne (Andhra Pradesh) and Biswanath Chariali (Assam).
40. India accounts for 57 per cent of the world's buffalo population and 15 per cent of the cattle population. India possesses 27 acknowledged indigenous breeds of cattle and 7 breeds of buffaloes.
41. The present availability of animal protein in an Indian diet is 10 gm per person per day, as against a world average of 25 gm.
42. India is the largest producer of milk in the world and ranks fifth in egg production.
43. Central Sheep Breeding Farm is located in Hissar.
44. Reishi or Ling Zhi is a medicinal mushroom which has been successfully grown in India.
45. For rehabilitation of calcareous soils Tamarix articulate, Acadia nilotica, Prosopis Juliflora, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Acacia tortills, Cassia siamea and Feronia limonia have been found promising for plantation with furrow planting methods in arid and semi-arid regions. Salvadora persica proved the ideal species for soil and water management in saline black soils.
46. Karzat 4, Indryani, Panvel 2, Palgarh 1 and 2 are names of various rice varieties sown in India.
47. Kankrej, Ponwar, Gangatiri and Kherigah are names of various cattle breeds in India.
48. Jalauni, Kheri, Mandya, Hassan and Mecheri are names of various sheep breeds of India.
49. C-ELISA is an indigenously developed kit for rinderpest which has been validated by the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
50. Feedbase-2001 is a data base that provides information on feed resources and feed balance sheet.
51. Okara is a by-product of soymilk.
52. Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan is located in Almora, Uttaranchal.
53. The Lalit Kala Academy (National Academy of Fine Arts) is located in New Delhi. It has regional centres, called Rashtriya Lalit Kala Kendras, located at Lucknow, Kolkata, Chennai, Garhi(New Delhi) and Bhubaneswar.
54. Bharata Natyam is a dance form of Tamil Nadu. Kathakali is a dance form of Kerala. Kathak is a classical dance form revitalised as a result of Mughal influence on Indian culture. Manipuri is a dance form of Manipur, while Kuchipudi owes its origin to Andhra Pradesh. Odissi, once practised as temple dance, has its origins in Orissa.
55. Kathak Kendra, Delhi, and Jawaharlal Nehru Manipur Dance Academy, Imphal, are training institutes run by Sangeet Natak Academy, the National Academy of. Music, Dance and Drama. The Academy also supports training programmes in Chhau dance of Mayurbhanj and Seraikella, as also Koodiyattam of Kerala.
56. The National School of Drama (NSD) is one of the foremost theatre institutions in the world and the only one of its kind in India. It was set up by Sangeet Natak Academy in 1959 and in 1975 it became an autonomous organization.
57. The Theatre-in education Company (renamed as Sanskar Rang Toli was founded by NSD in 1989. Since 1998, NSD has organized National Theatre Festival for Children, christened Jashne Bachpan, every year.
58. The first-ever National Theatre Festival, christened Bharat Rang Mahotsav, was held in March-April, 1999 to commemorate the 50th year of India's Independence.
59. Sahitya Academy has its Head Office in New Delhi. Besides, it has four offices in Kolkata, Mumbai, Bangalore and Chennai. It also has four translation centres at Bangalore, Delhi, Ahmedabad and Kolkata, besides a project office at Vadodra for promotion of oral and tribal literature and an Archives of Indian literature. It also maintains a multilingual library at New Delhi, Bangalore and Kolkata, stocking books in over 25 languages.
60. The highest honour conferred by Sahitya Academy on a writer is by electing him/her its Fellow. The honour is limited to 21 at any given moment.
61. The Sahitya Academy holds a 'Festival of Letters' every year, usually in February.
62. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) functions as an attached office of the Department of Culture, Ministry of Tourism and Culture.
63. The National Museum was established on August 15, 1949 in the Durbar Hall of the Rashtrapati Bhawan.It was formally inaugurated on December 18, 1960 on its present premises.
64. The National Council of Science Museums is located in Kolkata.
65. The Allahabad Museum is famous for its collection of Bharhut, Bhumara and Jamsot sculptors and for the terracotta from Kausumbi, Bhita, Jhusi, Patliputra, Sarnath, Rajghat and Ahichhatra. The Museum also has paraphernalia and family heirlooms of Nehrus, including manuscripts of' An Autobiography' by J.L. Nehru.
66. The National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Property (NRLC) is located in Lucknow.
67. The National Gallery of Modern Art (NGMA) was founded in 1954 to promote and develop contemporary Indian Art.
68. The National Archives of India (NAI), New Delhi, known until independence as Imperial Record Department, was originally established in Kolkata in March 1891. It is the official custodian of all non-current records of permanent / value to the government of India and its predecessor bodies. It has a regional office at Bhopal and three record centres at Bhubaneswar, ]aipur and Pondicherry.
69. Marine Archeology Centre has been established in the National Institute of Oceanography, Goa. Major exploration are being undertaken in the waters of ancient Dwarka, Poompuhar waters (Tamil Nadu) and around Lakshadweep.
70. National Library, Kolkata serves as a permanent repository of all reading and information material produced in India, as well.as printed material written by Indians and concerning India written by foreigners, wherever published and in whatever language.
71. Under the Delivery of Books and Newspapers (Public Libraries) Act, 1954, four libraries-National Library, Kolkata, Central Library, Mumbai, Connemara Public Library, Chennai, and Delhi Public Library, Delhi-are entitled to receive a copy of new books and magazines published in the counuy.
72. Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna has a rich collection of over 20,000 'Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Turkish, Pali and Sanskrit manuscripts.
73. The Thanjavur Maharaja Serfoji's Saraswati Mahal (TMSSM) Library, Thanjavur is one of the few medieval libraries that exist in the world.
74. The Rampur Raza Library, housed in Hamid Manzil in the fort of Rampur, is a treasure house of Indo Islamic learning and art.
75. Asiatic Society in Kolkata was founded by Sir William Jones in 1784, with the objective of inquiring into the history, science, arts and literature of Asia.
76. The Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies is located in Varanasi. It was established with the objective of preservation of Tibetan culture and tradition, restoration of ancient Indian literature preserved in Tibetan language and to provide higher education in Buddhist studies.
77. The Central Institute of Buddhist Studies is located, in Leh.
78. The Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology is located in Sikkim. It has done significant work in promoting research in CHHO (Tibetan for Dharma).
79. Anthropological Survey of India is located in Kolkata.
80. Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sanghrahalaya (National Museum of Mankind) is located in Bhopal. It is dedicated to the depiction of an integrated story of humankind in global perspective, with special focus on India.
81. The Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT) has its headquarters in New Delhi and two regional Centres at Udaipur and Hyderabad.
82. With the aim of projecting in India cultural kinships transcending territorial boundaries, seven zonal cultural centres have been established at Patiala, Kolkata, Thanjavur, Udaipur, Allahabad, Dimapur and Nagpur.
83. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) is a premier national institute engaged in the pursuit of knowledge on arts and culture. It is also the nodal agency for the setting up of a national data bank on arts, humanities and cultural heritage.
84. Gandhi Smriti and Darshan Samiti has been set up primarily to maintain and look after the national memorial where Gandhiji was assassinated, now called Gandhi Smriti, and a permanent photo exhibition at Rajghat, called Gandhi Darshan.
85. The Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) is responsible for formulation and maintenance of statistical standards, work pertaining to national accounts, industrial statistics, consumer price indices, conduct of economic census and surveys and liaising with international agencies in statistical matters. It is located in New Delhi.
86. National income is defined as the sum of incomes accruing to factors of production, supplied by normal residents of the country before deduction of direct taxes. It is equal to net national product at factor-cost.
87. The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) has been set up to conduct large scale surveys to meet the data needs of India as also for the estimation of national income and other aggregates. It has four divisions: (i) Survey Design and Research Division (SDRD), with headquarters in Kolkata; (ii) Field Operations Division (FOD) having its headquarters in Delhi; (iii) Data Processing Division (DPD) with headquarters in Kolkata; and (iv) Coordination and Publication Division (CPD), located in Delhi.
88. Summary results of NSSO surveys are published in the biannual technical journal Sarvekshana.
89. India has an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 2.02 million sq km. The EEZ provides India with more than 60 per cent of its oil and gas production and fishing valued at $ 1.15 billion.
90. The Army War College, earlier known as College of Combat, is located in Mhow.
91. The Infantry School, Mhow is the largest and oldest military training centre of Indian Army. This institute also trains the National Shooting team, under the aegis of Army Marksmanship Unit (AMU).
92. The Institute of Defence Management is located in Secunderabad.
93. The Defence Services Staff College is located in Wellington. It imparts training to middle level officers (Major and equivalent) of Army, Air Force and Navy.
94. The High Altitude Warfare School (HAWS) is located in Gulmarg.
95. The National Defence College is located in Delhi. It is the only institute of India that imparts knowledge on all aspects of national security and strategy.
96. Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited, located in Hyderabad, was incorporated with the primary objective of ushering in self-reliance in special metals and alloys for strategic sectors like Defence, Space and Atomic energy.
97. The 86th Constitution Amendment Act, 2002, makes elementary education a Fundamental Right for children in the age-group of 6-14 years.
98. The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) scheme evolved I from the recommendations of the State Education Ministers' Conference held in October 1998. The main goals of SSA are: (a) All 6-14 age children complete five-year primary education by 2007; (b) Bridge all gender and social category gaps at primary stage by 2007 and at elementary education level by 2010; (c) Focus on elementary education of satisfactory quality with emphasis on education for life; and (d) Universal retention by 2010.
99. The National programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education is commonly known as Mid Day Meal Scheme. It was launched in August 1995.
100. Operation Blackboard was launched in 1987 with the aim of improving human and physical resources available in primary schools of India.
101. Janshala Programme is a collaborative effort of the government of India, and five UN agencies-UNDP, UNESCO, ILO, UNICEF and UNFPA-to provide programme support to the ongoing efforts towards achieving Universal Elementary Education (UEE).
102. The National Council for Teacher Education was established by an Act of the Parliament in August 1995.
103. The University Grants Commission (UGC) serves as a coordinating body between the Union and State governments and the institutions of higher learning.
104. The National Literacy Mission (NLM) aims to attain a sustainable threshold level of 75 per cent literacy by 2007, by imparting functional literacy to non-literates in the age-group of 15-35 years.
105. The Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages is located in Hyderabad.
106. The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) system was introduced in India in 1985 by the Raja Ram Mohan Roy National Agency for ISBN. ISBN is a unique international publisher's identifier number.
107. Administering the Copyright Act, 1957 is the responsibility of the Union Ministry of Human Resource Development, Department of Secondary and Higher Education.
108. The Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) was the first multipurpose river valley project to be undertaken after Independence. It was set up in July 1948.
109. The National Power Training Institute (NPTI) is located at Faridabad.
110. The Central Power Research Institute (CPRI) has its headquarters located at Bangalore. Other units are located at Bhopal, Hyderabad, Nagpur, Ghaziabad, Thiruvanthapuram and Raichur.
111. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) is the nodal agency to promote efficient use of energy and its conservation in all sectors of economy of India.
112. Coal is the main source of energy in India and account for about 67 per cent of India's commercial requirement.
113. The coal reserves of India, as on January 1, 2003 were 2,40,748 million tonnes.
114. The Botanical Survey of India and the Zoological Survey of India both have their headquarters in Kolkata.
115. The Forest Survey of India has its headquarters in Dehradun and has four regional offices at Bangalore, Kolkata, Nagpur and Shimla.
116. Biosphere reserves are multi-purpose protected areas to preserve the genetic diversity in representative ecosystem. 13 Biosphere reserves have been set up in India. These are: Nilgiri, Nanda Devi, Nokrek, Great Nicobar, Gulf of Mannar, Manas, Sundebans, Similipal, Dibru, Daikhowa, Dehong Deband, Pachmarhi, Kanchunjunga and Agasthyamalai. Out of these, Nilgiri, Sunderbans and Gulf of Mannar have been recognized on World Network of Biosphere Reserves by UNESCO.
117. India is one of the 12 mega-biodiversity countries of the world.
118. The forest cover of India constitutes 20.55 per cent of its geographical area. Of this, dense forest constitutes 12.68 per cent and open forest 7.87 per cent. The mangrove cover occupies 0.14 per cent of geographical area. The total tree/forest cover is estimated as 81,472 sq km or about 2.48 per cent of the country.
119. G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development is located at Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Uttaranchal.
120. The Environmental Information System (ENVIS) network brings out a quarterly journal, Paryavaran Abstracts, which contains information about environmental research in the Indian context.
121. The ENVIS has been designated as National Focal Point (NFP) and Regional Service Centre (RSC) for South Asia sub-regional countries by INFOTERRA (a global information system on environment) of UN Environment Programme (UNEP).
122. The Department of Economic Affairs (DEA) consists of nine main divisions, namely, (i) Economic; (ii) Banking; (iii) Insurance; (iv) Budget; (v) Foreign Trade and Investment; (vi) External Finance; (vii) Capital market; (viii) Fund Bank; and (ix) Currency and Coinage.
123. All revenues received, loans raised and money received in repayment of loans by the Union government form the Consolidated Fund of India. No money can be withdrawn from this Fund except under the authority of an Act of Parliament.
124. The Indian Constitution provides for the establishment of a Consolidated Fund, a Public Account and a Contingency Fund for each State.
125. The first bank of limited liability, managed by Indians, was Oudh Commercial Bank. It was founded in 1881. Punjab National Bank was established in 1894.
126. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was established under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 on April 1, 1935 and nationalized on January 1,1949.
127. RBI is the sole authority for issue of currency notes in India, other than one-rupee coins and subsidiary coins and notes.
128. India ranks third in the world, after China and USA, in terms of production of coal.
129. The three important gold fields of India are: Kolar (Karnataka), Hutti in Raichur district (Karnataka) and Ramgiri in Anantapur district (Andhra Pradesh).
130. Mains reserves of Tungsten are located at Degana, Rajasthan.
131. The Mangampet deposits, occurring in Cuddapah district of Andhra Pradesh is the single largest deposit of Barytes in the world.
132. The main diamond-bearing areas in India are Panna belt in Madhya Pradesh, Munimadugu-Banganapalle conglomerate in Kurnool district, Wajrakarur Kimberlite pipe in Anantapur district and Krishna river basin in Andhra Pradesh.
133. Orissa is a major producer of Graphite in India.
134. Judges of the Supreme Court of India hold office until they attain the age of 65 years. Judges of the High Court hold office until they attain the age of 62 years.
135. The National Judicial Academy is located in Bhopal with its registered office in New Delhi.
136. V.V. Giri National Labour Institute, Noida, is an autonomous body under the Union Ministry of Labour. It is engaged in research pertaining to labour and training of labour administrators, trade unions, public sector managers and other government functionaries concerned with labour.
137. The first radio programme was broadcast in India in 1923 by the Radio Club of Bombay.
138. All India Radio (AIR) operates on motto Bahujana Hitaya; Bahujana Sukhya (to promote the happiness and welfare of the masses through information, education and entertainment.
139. Cyan Darshan is the educational channel run by Doordarshan.
140. Press Trust of India (PTI) is India's largest news agency.
141. United News of India (UNI) became the first agency in India to launch a full-fledged Hindi wire service Univarta in 1982. In early 1990s, it launched the first-ever wire service in Urdu.
142. The Press Council of India has been established under the Act of Parliament for the purpose of preserving the freedom of the press, and of maintaining and improving the standards of newspapers and news agencies in India.
143. India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 3.3 million kilometres.
144. Golden Quadrilateral comprises of National Highways connecting the four metro cities.
145. Shipping Corporation of India Limited (SCI) is the biggest shipping line of India.
146. Indian Institute of Maritime Studies (IIMS) is located in Mumbai.
147. India has 12 major ports and about 184 other ports.
148. Mumbai, Nhava Sheva, Kandla, Mormugao, New Mangalore and Cochin are the major ports on west coast.
149. Kolkata/Haldia, Para dip, Visakhapatnam, Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin are major ports on the east coast.
150. Command Area Development (CAD) Programme was launched in 1974-75 with main objective of improving the utilization of created irrigation potential and optimizing agriculture production and productivity from irrigated lands on sustainable bases.
1. India is the seventh largest country in the world in terms of area.
2. Indian mainland extends between latitudes 8 degree 4' and 37 degree 6' north, longitudes 68 degree 7' and 97 degree 25' east and measures about 3,214 km from north to south between the extreme latitudes and about 2,933 km from east to west between the extreme longitudes.
3. India has land frontier of about 15,200 km. The total length of the coastline of the mainland, Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman and Nicobar Islands is 7,516.6 km.
4. Countries having common border with India are: Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar and Bangladesh. Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar.
5. Aravalli, Vindhya, Satpura, Maikala and Ajanta are prominent hill ranges that lie between the Peninsular India and the plains of Ganga.
6. The Eastern and Western Ghats meet at the southern part of the Indian Peninsula which is formed by the Nilgiri Hills. .
7. Ghagra, Gomti, Gandak, Kosi and Yamuna are the major Himalayan rivers that join the Ganga. Chambal, Betwa and Sone are major rivers flowing north from central India that join Yamuna/Ganga.
8. After Ganga, Godavari has the second largest basin covering 10 per cent of the area of India. Next to it is Krishna, followed by the Mahanadi basin.
9. The climate of India can be described as Tropical monsoon type.
10. India is in tenth position in the world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity.
11. Botanical Survey of India, (BSI), Kolkata is the nodal agency that is studying the flora of the country. BSI brings out an inventory of the endangered plants in the form of a publication titled "Red Data Book".
12. The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Kolkata and its 16 regional stations are responsible for surveying the faunal resources of India.
13. India has a great variety of fauna, numbering 89,451 species.
14. The design of the National Flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on July 22,1947.
15. The State emblem of India is an adaptation from the Sarnath Lion Capitol of Ashoka. Carved out of a single block of polished sandstone, the Capitol is crowned by the Wheel of the Law (Dizaram Chakra). There are four lions, standing back to back, mounted on an abacus with a frieze carrying sculptures in high relief of an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and a lion, separated by intervening wheels over a bell-shaped lotus.
16. In the State emblem, adopted on January 26,1950, only three lions are visible. The bell-shaped lotus has been omitted. The words, Satyameva Jayate, from Mundaka Upanishad, meaning 'truth alone triumphs', are inscribed below the abacus in Devanagiri script.
17. The song Jana-gana-mana, composed by Rabindranath Tagore, was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly, as the National Anthem of India, on January 24, 1950. It was first sung on December 27, 1911, at the Calcutta session of Indian National Congress. The complete song consists of five stanzas. The first stanza contains the full version of the National Anthem.
18. The national calendar of India is based on the Saka Era, with Chaitra as its first month. A normal year of 365 days was adopted from March 22, 1957, along with the Gregorian Calendar for the following purposes: (1) Gazette of India; (2) news broadcast by All India Radio; (3) calendars issued by Government of India; and (4) Government communications addressed to the members of the public.
19. Agriculture sector of India contributes 25 per cent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and about 70 per cent of the population is dependent on it.
20. There are three main crop seasons in India, namely, kharif, rabi and summer.'
21. Major kharif crops are: rice, jowar, bajra, maize, cotton, sugarcane, soyabean, and groundnut.
22. Major rabi crops are: wheat, barley, gram, linseed, rapeseed, and mustard. Rice, maize and groundnut are grown in summer season also.
23. In Indian agriculture, oilseeds are next to food grains in area coverage, production and value. India is,one of the largest oilseeds growing countries, contributing about 15 per cent to the acreage under oilseeds in the world.
24. The Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, set up a Technology Mission on Oilseeds in May 1986 with the objective to increase the production of oilseeds, reduce the import of edible oils and to achieve self-sufficiency in edible oils.
25. India is the third largest producer and consumer of fertilizers in the world, after China and USA. It contributes to 9.5 per cent of world production and 10.6 per cent of world consumption of NPK nutrients, but sustains one-sixth of the world population.
26. The National Biofertiliser Development Centre is located at Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh. Its six regional centres are located at .labalpur, Nagpur, Bangalore, Bhubaneshwar, Hissar and Imphal.
27. The Central Fertiliser Quality Control and Training Institute is located in Faridabad, Haryana. Its three regional centres are located at Mumbai, Chennai and Kalyani.
28. India accounts for about 10 per cent of the production of fruits in the world.
29. Mango is the most important fruit produced in India, covering about 39 per cent of the total area used for fruit production and accounting for 23 per cent of total fruit production of India.
30. India occupies first position in the total production of banana in the world.
31. India is next only to China in the area and production of vegetables. India contributes about 13 per cent of the world vegetable production and occupies first position in production of cauliflowers, second in onion and third in cabbage in the world.
32. India is the largest producer, processor, consumer and exporter of cashew nut in the world. India produces 45 per cent of the global production of cashew.
33. The Centrally-sponsored scheme of soil conservation in the catchments of River Valley Project (RVP) was started in the third Five-year Plan. Another scheme of FloodProne Rivers (FPR) was started in the sixth Plan. Both the schemes were clubbed during the ninth Plan and further subsumed under Macro Management Mode in November 2000.
34. The Locust Warning Organisation (LWO) is located in Jodhpur.
35. Seed sector in India consists of two national level corporations: National Seed Corporation (NSC) and State Farm Corporation of India (SFCI). The Seeds Act, 1966 provides for the legislative framework for regulation of quality of seeds sold in India.
36. The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC) launched a Central Sector Scheme during the ninth Plan to make available seeds for any contingent situation arising out of natural calamity.
37. Directorate of Marketing and Inspection (DMI) advises the Central and State governments on agricultural marketing policies and programmes. It is located in Faridabad, Haryana.
38. The National Institute of Agricultural Marketing (NIAM) is located in Jaipur.
39. Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institutes are located at Budni (Madhya Pradesh), Hissar (Haryana), Garladinne (Andhra Pradesh) and Biswanath Chariali (Assam).
40. India accounts for 57 per cent of the world's buffalo population and 15 per cent of the cattle population. India possesses 27 acknowledged indigenous breeds of cattle and 7 breeds of buffaloes.
41. The present availability of animal protein in an Indian diet is 10 gm per person per day, as against a world average of 25 gm.
42. India is the largest producer of milk in the world and ranks fifth in egg production.
43. Central Sheep Breeding Farm is located in Hissar.
44. Reishi or Ling Zhi is a medicinal mushroom which has been successfully grown in India.
45. For rehabilitation of calcareous soils Tamarix articulate, Acadia nilotica, Prosopis Juliflora, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Acacia tortills, Cassia siamea and Feronia limonia have been found promising for plantation with furrow planting methods in arid and semi-arid regions. Salvadora persica proved the ideal species for soil and water management in saline black soils.
46. Karzat 4, Indryani, Panvel 2, Palgarh 1 and 2 are names of various rice varieties sown in India.
47. Kankrej, Ponwar, Gangatiri and Kherigah are names of various cattle breeds in India.
48. Jalauni, Kheri, Mandya, Hassan and Mecheri are names of various sheep breeds of India.
49. C-ELISA is an indigenously developed kit for rinderpest which has been validated by the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
50. Feedbase-2001 is a data base that provides information on feed resources and feed balance sheet.
51. Okara is a by-product of soymilk.
52. Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan is located in Almora, Uttaranchal.
53. The Lalit Kala Academy (National Academy of Fine Arts) is located in New Delhi. It has regional centres, called Rashtriya Lalit Kala Kendras, located at Lucknow, Kolkata, Chennai, Garhi(New Delhi) and Bhubaneswar.
54. Bharata Natyam is a dance form of Tamil Nadu. Kathakali is a dance form of Kerala. Kathak is a classical dance form revitalised as a result of Mughal influence on Indian culture. Manipuri is a dance form of Manipur, while Kuchipudi owes its origin to Andhra Pradesh. Odissi, once practised as temple dance, has its origins in Orissa.
55. Kathak Kendra, Delhi, and Jawaharlal Nehru Manipur Dance Academy, Imphal, are training institutes run by Sangeet Natak Academy, the National Academy of. Music, Dance and Drama. The Academy also supports training programmes in Chhau dance of Mayurbhanj and Seraikella, as also Koodiyattam of Kerala.
56. The National School of Drama (NSD) is one of the foremost theatre institutions in the world and the only one of its kind in India. It was set up by Sangeet Natak Academy in 1959 and in 1975 it became an autonomous organization.
57. The Theatre-in education Company (renamed as Sanskar Rang Toli was founded by NSD in 1989. Since 1998, NSD has organized National Theatre Festival for Children, christened Jashne Bachpan, every year.
58. The first-ever National Theatre Festival, christened Bharat Rang Mahotsav, was held in March-April, 1999 to commemorate the 50th year of India's Independence.
59. Sahitya Academy has its Head Office in New Delhi. Besides, it has four offices in Kolkata, Mumbai, Bangalore and Chennai. It also has four translation centres at Bangalore, Delhi, Ahmedabad and Kolkata, besides a project office at Vadodra for promotion of oral and tribal literature and an Archives of Indian literature. It also maintains a multilingual library at New Delhi, Bangalore and Kolkata, stocking books in over 25 languages.
60. The highest honour conferred by Sahitya Academy on a writer is by electing him/her its Fellow. The honour is limited to 21 at any given moment.
61. The Sahitya Academy holds a 'Festival of Letters' every year, usually in February.
62. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) functions as an attached office of the Department of Culture, Ministry of Tourism and Culture.
63. The National Museum was established on August 15, 1949 in the Durbar Hall of the Rashtrapati Bhawan.It was formally inaugurated on December 18, 1960 on its present premises.
64. The National Council of Science Museums is located in Kolkata.
65. The Allahabad Museum is famous for its collection of Bharhut, Bhumara and Jamsot sculptors and for the terracotta from Kausumbi, Bhita, Jhusi, Patliputra, Sarnath, Rajghat and Ahichhatra. The Museum also has paraphernalia and family heirlooms of Nehrus, including manuscripts of' An Autobiography' by J.L. Nehru.
66. The National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Property (NRLC) is located in Lucknow.
67. The National Gallery of Modern Art (NGMA) was founded in 1954 to promote and develop contemporary Indian Art.
68. The National Archives of India (NAI), New Delhi, known until independence as Imperial Record Department, was originally established in Kolkata in March 1891. It is the official custodian of all non-current records of permanent / value to the government of India and its predecessor bodies. It has a regional office at Bhopal and three record centres at Bhubaneswar, ]aipur and Pondicherry.
69. Marine Archeology Centre has been established in the National Institute of Oceanography, Goa. Major exploration are being undertaken in the waters of ancient Dwarka, Poompuhar waters (Tamil Nadu) and around Lakshadweep.
70. National Library, Kolkata serves as a permanent repository of all reading and information material produced in India, as well.as printed material written by Indians and concerning India written by foreigners, wherever published and in whatever language.
71. Under the Delivery of Books and Newspapers (Public Libraries) Act, 1954, four libraries-National Library, Kolkata, Central Library, Mumbai, Connemara Public Library, Chennai, and Delhi Public Library, Delhi-are entitled to receive a copy of new books and magazines published in the counuy.
72. Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna has a rich collection of over 20,000 'Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Turkish, Pali and Sanskrit manuscripts.
73. The Thanjavur Maharaja Serfoji's Saraswati Mahal (TMSSM) Library, Thanjavur is one of the few medieval libraries that exist in the world.
74. The Rampur Raza Library, housed in Hamid Manzil in the fort of Rampur, is a treasure house of Indo Islamic learning and art.
75. Asiatic Society in Kolkata was founded by Sir William Jones in 1784, with the objective of inquiring into the history, science, arts and literature of Asia.
76. The Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies is located in Varanasi. It was established with the objective of preservation of Tibetan culture and tradition, restoration of ancient Indian literature preserved in Tibetan language and to provide higher education in Buddhist studies.
77. The Central Institute of Buddhist Studies is located, in Leh.
78. The Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology is located in Sikkim. It has done significant work in promoting research in CHHO (Tibetan for Dharma).
79. Anthropological Survey of India is located in Kolkata.
80. Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sanghrahalaya (National Museum of Mankind) is located in Bhopal. It is dedicated to the depiction of an integrated story of humankind in global perspective, with special focus on India.
81. The Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT) has its headquarters in New Delhi and two regional Centres at Udaipur and Hyderabad.
82. With the aim of projecting in India cultural kinships transcending territorial boundaries, seven zonal cultural centres have been established at Patiala, Kolkata, Thanjavur, Udaipur, Allahabad, Dimapur and Nagpur.
83. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) is a premier national institute engaged in the pursuit of knowledge on arts and culture. It is also the nodal agency for the setting up of a national data bank on arts, humanities and cultural heritage.
84. Gandhi Smriti and Darshan Samiti has been set up primarily to maintain and look after the national memorial where Gandhiji was assassinated, now called Gandhi Smriti, and a permanent photo exhibition at Rajghat, called Gandhi Darshan.
85. The Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) is responsible for formulation and maintenance of statistical standards, work pertaining to national accounts, industrial statistics, consumer price indices, conduct of economic census and surveys and liaising with international agencies in statistical matters. It is located in New Delhi.
86. National income is defined as the sum of incomes accruing to factors of production, supplied by normal residents of the country before deduction of direct taxes. It is equal to net national product at factor-cost.
87. The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) has been set up to conduct large scale surveys to meet the data needs of India as also for the estimation of national income and other aggregates. It has four divisions: (i) Survey Design and Research Division (SDRD), with headquarters in Kolkata; (ii) Field Operations Division (FOD) having its headquarters in Delhi; (iii) Data Processing Division (DPD) with headquarters in Kolkata; and (iv) Coordination and Publication Division (CPD), located in Delhi.
88. Summary results of NSSO surveys are published in the biannual technical journal Sarvekshana.
89. India has an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 2.02 million sq km. The EEZ provides India with more than 60 per cent of its oil and gas production and fishing valued at $ 1.15 billion.
90. The Army War College, earlier known as College of Combat, is located in Mhow.
91. The Infantry School, Mhow is the largest and oldest military training centre of Indian Army. This institute also trains the National Shooting team, under the aegis of Army Marksmanship Unit (AMU).
92. The Institute of Defence Management is located in Secunderabad.
93. The Defence Services Staff College is located in Wellington. It imparts training to middle level officers (Major and equivalent) of Army, Air Force and Navy.
94. The High Altitude Warfare School (HAWS) is located in Gulmarg.
95. The National Defence College is located in Delhi. It is the only institute of India that imparts knowledge on all aspects of national security and strategy.
96. Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited, located in Hyderabad, was incorporated with the primary objective of ushering in self-reliance in special metals and alloys for strategic sectors like Defence, Space and Atomic energy.
97. The 86th Constitution Amendment Act, 2002, makes elementary education a Fundamental Right for children in the age-group of 6-14 years.
98. The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) scheme evolved I from the recommendations of the State Education Ministers' Conference held in October 1998. The main goals of SSA are: (a) All 6-14 age children complete five-year primary education by 2007; (b) Bridge all gender and social category gaps at primary stage by 2007 and at elementary education level by 2010; (c) Focus on elementary education of satisfactory quality with emphasis on education for life; and (d) Universal retention by 2010.
99. The National programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education is commonly known as Mid Day Meal Scheme. It was launched in August 1995.
100. Operation Blackboard was launched in 1987 with the aim of improving human and physical resources available in primary schools of India.
101. Janshala Programme is a collaborative effort of the government of India, and five UN agencies-UNDP, UNESCO, ILO, UNICEF and UNFPA-to provide programme support to the ongoing efforts towards achieving Universal Elementary Education (UEE).
102. The National Council for Teacher Education was established by an Act of the Parliament in August 1995.
103. The University Grants Commission (UGC) serves as a coordinating body between the Union and State governments and the institutions of higher learning.
104. The National Literacy Mission (NLM) aims to attain a sustainable threshold level of 75 per cent literacy by 2007, by imparting functional literacy to non-literates in the age-group of 15-35 years.
105. The Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages is located in Hyderabad.
106. The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) system was introduced in India in 1985 by the Raja Ram Mohan Roy National Agency for ISBN. ISBN is a unique international publisher's identifier number.
107. Administering the Copyright Act, 1957 is the responsibility of the Union Ministry of Human Resource Development, Department of Secondary and Higher Education.
108. The Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) was the first multipurpose river valley project to be undertaken after Independence. It was set up in July 1948.
109. The National Power Training Institute (NPTI) is located at Faridabad.
110. The Central Power Research Institute (CPRI) has its headquarters located at Bangalore. Other units are located at Bhopal, Hyderabad, Nagpur, Ghaziabad, Thiruvanthapuram and Raichur.
111. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) is the nodal agency to promote efficient use of energy and its conservation in all sectors of economy of India.
112. Coal is the main source of energy in India and account for about 67 per cent of India's commercial requirement.
113. The coal reserves of India, as on January 1, 2003 were 2,40,748 million tonnes.
114. The Botanical Survey of India and the Zoological Survey of India both have their headquarters in Kolkata.
115. The Forest Survey of India has its headquarters in Dehradun and has four regional offices at Bangalore, Kolkata, Nagpur and Shimla.
116. Biosphere reserves are multi-purpose protected areas to preserve the genetic diversity in representative ecosystem. 13 Biosphere reserves have been set up in India. These are: Nilgiri, Nanda Devi, Nokrek, Great Nicobar, Gulf of Mannar, Manas, Sundebans, Similipal, Dibru, Daikhowa, Dehong Deband, Pachmarhi, Kanchunjunga and Agasthyamalai. Out of these, Nilgiri, Sunderbans and Gulf of Mannar have been recognized on World Network of Biosphere Reserves by UNESCO.
117. India is one of the 12 mega-biodiversity countries of the world.
118. The forest cover of India constitutes 20.55 per cent of its geographical area. Of this, dense forest constitutes 12.68 per cent and open forest 7.87 per cent. The mangrove cover occupies 0.14 per cent of geographical area. The total tree/forest cover is estimated as 81,472 sq km or about 2.48 per cent of the country.
119. G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development is located at Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Uttaranchal.
120. The Environmental Information System (ENVIS) network brings out a quarterly journal, Paryavaran Abstracts, which contains information about environmental research in the Indian context.
121. The ENVIS has been designated as National Focal Point (NFP) and Regional Service Centre (RSC) for South Asia sub-regional countries by INFOTERRA (a global information system on environment) of UN Environment Programme (UNEP).
122. The Department of Economic Affairs (DEA) consists of nine main divisions, namely, (i) Economic; (ii) Banking; (iii) Insurance; (iv) Budget; (v) Foreign Trade and Investment; (vi) External Finance; (vii) Capital market; (viii) Fund Bank; and (ix) Currency and Coinage.
123. All revenues received, loans raised and money received in repayment of loans by the Union government form the Consolidated Fund of India. No money can be withdrawn from this Fund except under the authority of an Act of Parliament.
124. The Indian Constitution provides for the establishment of a Consolidated Fund, a Public Account and a Contingency Fund for each State.
125. The first bank of limited liability, managed by Indians, was Oudh Commercial Bank. It was founded in 1881. Punjab National Bank was established in 1894.
126. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was established under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 on April 1, 1935 and nationalized on January 1,1949.
127. RBI is the sole authority for issue of currency notes in India, other than one-rupee coins and subsidiary coins and notes.
128. India ranks third in the world, after China and USA, in terms of production of coal.
129. The three important gold fields of India are: Kolar (Karnataka), Hutti in Raichur district (Karnataka) and Ramgiri in Anantapur district (Andhra Pradesh).
130. Mains reserves of Tungsten are located at Degana, Rajasthan.
131. The Mangampet deposits, occurring in Cuddapah district of Andhra Pradesh is the single largest deposit of Barytes in the world.
132. The main diamond-bearing areas in India are Panna belt in Madhya Pradesh, Munimadugu-Banganapalle conglomerate in Kurnool district, Wajrakarur Kimberlite pipe in Anantapur district and Krishna river basin in Andhra Pradesh.
133. Orissa is a major producer of Graphite in India.
134. Judges of the Supreme Court of India hold office until they attain the age of 65 years. Judges of the High Court hold office until they attain the age of 62 years.
135. The National Judicial Academy is located in Bhopal with its registered office in New Delhi.
136. V.V. Giri National Labour Institute, Noida, is an autonomous body under the Union Ministry of Labour. It is engaged in research pertaining to labour and training of labour administrators, trade unions, public sector managers and other government functionaries concerned with labour.
137. The first radio programme was broadcast in India in 1923 by the Radio Club of Bombay.
138. All India Radio (AIR) operates on motto Bahujana Hitaya; Bahujana Sukhya (to promote the happiness and welfare of the masses through information, education and entertainment.
139. Cyan Darshan is the educational channel run by Doordarshan.
140. Press Trust of India (PTI) is India's largest news agency.
141. United News of India (UNI) became the first agency in India to launch a full-fledged Hindi wire service Univarta in 1982. In early 1990s, it launched the first-ever wire service in Urdu.
142. The Press Council of India has been established under the Act of Parliament for the purpose of preserving the freedom of the press, and of maintaining and improving the standards of newspapers and news agencies in India.
143. India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 3.3 million kilometres.
144. Golden Quadrilateral comprises of National Highways connecting the four metro cities.
145. Shipping Corporation of India Limited (SCI) is the biggest shipping line of India.
146. Indian Institute of Maritime Studies (IIMS) is located in Mumbai.
147. India has 12 major ports and about 184 other ports.
148. Mumbai, Nhava Sheva, Kandla, Mormugao, New Mangalore and Cochin are the major ports on west coast.
149. Kolkata/Haldia, Para dip, Visakhapatnam, Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin are major ports on the east coast.
150. Command Area Development (CAD) Programme was launched in 1974-75 with main objective of improving the utilization of created irrigation potential and optimizing agriculture production and productivity from irrigated lands on sustainable bases.
Some General Knowledge
Improve your General Knowledge
1. Which of the following Saint known as "Mahboob-ae-Dilli".
Ans : Nizammuddin Aulia
2. The Coin "Rupia" was first issued by—
Ans : Akbar
3. How many Central universities are there in India?
Ans : 17
4. who was the first European to translate the Bhagwat Gita into English?
Ans : Charles Wilkins
5. Tuzuk-i-baburi was a autabiography written by babur in which language—
Ans : Turkish
6. Which mughal emperor was also known as Qalandar?
Ans : babur
7. In 2003, Indian Railways Has completed?
Ans : 150 Years.
8.Which Indian Bank has the highest branches abroad?
Ans : SBI
9. The first Premature dissolution at the lok sabha took place in the year?
Ans : 1970
10. Tasleema's Nasreen's Autobiography?
Ans : Dwekhandita
11. The Office of District collector was created by?
Ans : Warren Hastings
12. what is the national sport of Greece?
Ans : Soccer
13. Which indian hockey player has a road named after him in germany?
Ans : Roop singh
14. In which year was men's hockey included in the Olympics?
Ans : 1924
15. Who gave Kapil Dev the nickname "Harayana Hurricane"?
Ans : Guinness Book of World Records.
16. Which cricketer, after his retirement from the game, served as India's High Commissioner in Australia?
Ans : K. S. Duleepsinghji
17. Who was the only cricketer to feature on a currency note of his country?
Ans : Sir Frank Worrell
18. In the history of Indian Cricket what 'first' does Faroukh Engineer have to his credit?
Ans : He was the first Indian to play County cricket ( for Lancashire in 1968)
19. Who was the only player dismissed for duck in the 1983 World Cup cricket final?
Ans : Kirti Azad (India)
20. Who was the first Hindu to play for the Pakistan national cricket team?
Ans : Anil Dalpat (wicket-keeper)
21. Which Australian cricketer, is nicknamed "Herby"?
Ans : Allan Border.
22. Who scored 99, 98 and 97 in three successive Test innings?
Ans : Clem Hill (Australia), 1902.
23. What is the importance of 14 Dec 1960 in Sports?
Ans : For the first time in cricket history a Test match was tied.
24. Who was the first victim of Kapil Dev in One day Internationals?
Ans : Imran Khan of Pakistan (Quetta October 1, 1978 his first match)
25. Who claimed the first wicket in Test cricket?
Ans : Allen Hill of England
26. "She was initially named Jeevan by her father, but later changed the name. By what name is this singer better known now? "
Ans : Norah Jones
27. Which former Miss India created history by deciding not to take part in the Miss Universe competition?
Ans : Nalini Vishwanathan
28. Which is the youngest and oldest of the new world religions?
Ans : Sikhism and Hinduism
29. In the 1980 film Kalyug which modern day actress played the role of Rekha's son?
Ans : Urmila Matondkar
30. Which is the national animal of Nepal?
Ans : Cow
31. In which Indian state would you find the largest church of Asia?
Ans : Goa
32. The country Suriname is in which continent?
Ans : South America
33. Where was the Durand Cup football tournament first played?
Ans : Shimla
34. JPY is the currency code of which country?
Ans : Japan
35. Who was the captain of India in Sachin Tendulkar's debut Test?
Ans : Krishnamachari Srikkanth
36. Which planet was discovered by William Herschel in 1781?
Ans : Uranus
37. Which country is the world's largest producer of wheat?
Ans : China
38. How do we better know a pugilist?
Ans : Boxer
39. Who wrote the poem 'Venus and Adonis'?
Ans : William Shakespeare
40. How is Sampooran Singh better known?
Ans : Gulzar
41. A.S Dilip Kumar is the original name of which famous music director?
Ans : A.R. Rahman
42. Which company was founded in 1924 by a former cash register salesman Thomas Watson?
Ans : IBM
43. Which Indian politician wrote 'Flight to Parliament'?
Ans : Rajesh Pilot
44. Who among these was the first to climb Mt. Everest without oxygen?
Ans : Phu Dorjee
45. "In computers, which term is used to refer to a collection of databases?"
Ans : Databank
46. What type of a creature is a mamba?
Ans : A snake
47. In which of these lakes are the Honeymoon Island and the Breakfast Island situated?
Ans : Chilka Lake
48. Which Indian President received the Templeton Prize in 1975?
Ans : Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
49. Which was the first Indian film to be nominated for the Oscar?
Ans : Mother India
50. Holi is celebrated in the month of—
Ans : Phalguna
51. Which city is the headquarters of the SAARC?
Ans : Kathmandu
52. Which U.S president won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906?
Ans : Theodore Roosevelt
53. Which animal is given or lent to other countries by the Chinese government as a mark of friendship?
Ans : Panda
54. What is the more popular name of the Alsatian breed of dogs?
Ans : German Shepherd
55. Which is used to refer to data transfer rates in modem?
Ans : Cps
56. On which island were the extinct bird dodo found?
Ans : Mauritius
57. "Sourav Ganguly, Virender Sehwag, Pravin Amre" what have in common ?
Ans : Century on Test debut
58. "In the English translation of Rabindranath Tagore's 'Gitanjali', which famous poet wrote the introduction? "
Ans : W.B. Yeats
59. 'Tarkash' is a collection of Urdu poetry by which famous lyricist?
Ans : Javed Akhtar
60. Which former US president devised the name 'United Nations'?
Ans : Franklin D. Roosevelt
61. Which Indian won a Grammy award in the 2002 Grammy Awards?
Ans : Pandit Ravi Shankar
62. Aristotle was the teacher of which famous emperor?
Ans : Alexander the Great
63. "In 1980, the Indian government issued a stamp to honour which hockey legend?"
Ans : Dhyan Chand
64. Which of these actors played a negative role in Steven Spielberg's 'Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'?
Ans : Amrish Puri
65. Who is the only cricketer to have played Test cricket for both England and India?
Ans : Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi
66. How is Badruddin Jamaluddin Kazi better known?
Ans Johnny Walker
67. Which of these games is also called 'Ping-Pong'?
Ans : Table tennis
68. Who has won the Nobel Prize twice?
Ans : Marie Curie
69. Who played the role of the young Raj Kapoor in the film 'Awara'?
Ans : Shashi Kapoor
70. Which of these computer languages was developed from an earlier language BCPL?
Ans : C
71. Which country was ruled by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk?
Ans : Turkey
72. By what name is the software program Multiplan now known?
Ans : MS Excel
73. By what name is actor R.K. Tuli better known?
Ans : Rajendra Kumar
74. "In 1640, which city was founded by Francis Day ?"
Ans : Madras
75. "In computers, what is the full form of OMR?"
Ans : Optical Mark Reading
76. Which famous director is the nephew of Dev Anand?
Ans : Shekhar Kapur
77. "In computers, which of these terms is used to refer to a temporary memory for data?"
Ans : Buffer
78. Who used the screen name 'Baby Rani' as a child actress?
Ans : Nargis
79. Who was the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate ?
Ans : Ibrahim Lodi
80. Who was the first Asian to swim across the English Channel?
Ans : Mihir Sen
81. Who was the first Indian to participate in the Wimbledon tennis tournament?
Ans : Sardar Nihal Singh
82. Which is the most used metal in the world?
Ans : Iron
83. Who was the first Roman Catholic president of USA?
Ans : John F. Kennedy
84. Name the first artificial satellite launched by man.
Ans : Sputnik 1
85. "In Germany, who among these was known as Kaiser?"
Ans : Emperor
86. Which of these cities is both in Europe and Asia?
Ans : Istanbul
87. Which is the longest river in Asia?
Ans : Yangtze
88. Which Indian actresses acted in the film 'City of Joy'?
Ans : Shabana Azmi
89. Which game was once known as battledore?
Ans : Badminton
90. In which continent is the Gibson Desert?
Ans : Australia
91. Which is the hardest naturally occurring substance known to man?
Ans : Diamond
92. What was the name of the first personal computer?
Ans : Altair
93. Which planet was discovered by the American astronomer Clyde W.Tombaugh?
Ans : Pluto
94. "Which of these elements was discovered by Pierre Curie, Marie Curie and G. Bemont?"
Ans : Radium
95. What do we call a device for connecting computer network that has the facilities of both a bridge and a router?
Ans : Brouter
96. After which Prime Minister was Connaught Place renamed?
Ans : Rajiv Gandhi
97. Which hill station of India became an autonomous state in 1970?
Ans : Meghalaya
98. Which city became the capital of Punjab immediately after Independence?
Ans : Shimla
99. Who was given the title of 'Kavi Priya' by Akbar?
Ans : Birbal
100. Which term is used to describe a computer having the characteristics of both digital and analog computers?
Ans : Hybrid computer
1. Which of the following Saint known as "Mahboob-ae-Dilli".
Ans : Nizammuddin Aulia
2. The Coin "Rupia" was first issued by—
Ans : Akbar
3. How many Central universities are there in India?
Ans : 17
4. who was the first European to translate the Bhagwat Gita into English?
Ans : Charles Wilkins
5. Tuzuk-i-baburi was a autabiography written by babur in which language—
Ans : Turkish
6. Which mughal emperor was also known as Qalandar?
Ans : babur
7. In 2003, Indian Railways Has completed?
Ans : 150 Years.
8.Which Indian Bank has the highest branches abroad?
Ans : SBI
9. The first Premature dissolution at the lok sabha took place in the year?
Ans : 1970
10. Tasleema's Nasreen's Autobiography?
Ans : Dwekhandita
11. The Office of District collector was created by?
Ans : Warren Hastings
12. what is the national sport of Greece?
Ans : Soccer
13. Which indian hockey player has a road named after him in germany?
Ans : Roop singh
14. In which year was men's hockey included in the Olympics?
Ans : 1924
15. Who gave Kapil Dev the nickname "Harayana Hurricane"?
Ans : Guinness Book of World Records.
16. Which cricketer, after his retirement from the game, served as India's High Commissioner in Australia?
Ans : K. S. Duleepsinghji
17. Who was the only cricketer to feature on a currency note of his country?
Ans : Sir Frank Worrell
18. In the history of Indian Cricket what 'first' does Faroukh Engineer have to his credit?
Ans : He was the first Indian to play County cricket ( for Lancashire in 1968)
19. Who was the only player dismissed for duck in the 1983 World Cup cricket final?
Ans : Kirti Azad (India)
20. Who was the first Hindu to play for the Pakistan national cricket team?
Ans : Anil Dalpat (wicket-keeper)
21. Which Australian cricketer, is nicknamed "Herby"?
Ans : Allan Border.
22. Who scored 99, 98 and 97 in three successive Test innings?
Ans : Clem Hill (Australia), 1902.
23. What is the importance of 14 Dec 1960 in Sports?
Ans : For the first time in cricket history a Test match was tied.
24. Who was the first victim of Kapil Dev in One day Internationals?
Ans : Imran Khan of Pakistan (Quetta October 1, 1978 his first match)
25. Who claimed the first wicket in Test cricket?
Ans : Allen Hill of England
26. "She was initially named Jeevan by her father, but later changed the name. By what name is this singer better known now? "
Ans : Norah Jones
27. Which former Miss India created history by deciding not to take part in the Miss Universe competition?
Ans : Nalini Vishwanathan
28. Which is the youngest and oldest of the new world religions?
Ans : Sikhism and Hinduism
29. In the 1980 film Kalyug which modern day actress played the role of Rekha's son?
Ans : Urmila Matondkar
30. Which is the national animal of Nepal?
Ans : Cow
31. In which Indian state would you find the largest church of Asia?
Ans : Goa
32. The country Suriname is in which continent?
Ans : South America
33. Where was the Durand Cup football tournament first played?
Ans : Shimla
34. JPY is the currency code of which country?
Ans : Japan
35. Who was the captain of India in Sachin Tendulkar's debut Test?
Ans : Krishnamachari Srikkanth
36. Which planet was discovered by William Herschel in 1781?
Ans : Uranus
37. Which country is the world's largest producer of wheat?
Ans : China
38. How do we better know a pugilist?
Ans : Boxer
39. Who wrote the poem 'Venus and Adonis'?
Ans : William Shakespeare
40. How is Sampooran Singh better known?
Ans : Gulzar
41. A.S Dilip Kumar is the original name of which famous music director?
Ans : A.R. Rahman
42. Which company was founded in 1924 by a former cash register salesman Thomas Watson?
Ans : IBM
43. Which Indian politician wrote 'Flight to Parliament'?
Ans : Rajesh Pilot
44. Who among these was the first to climb Mt. Everest without oxygen?
Ans : Phu Dorjee
45. "In computers, which term is used to refer to a collection of databases?"
Ans : Databank
46. What type of a creature is a mamba?
Ans : A snake
47. In which of these lakes are the Honeymoon Island and the Breakfast Island situated?
Ans : Chilka Lake
48. Which Indian President received the Templeton Prize in 1975?
Ans : Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
49. Which was the first Indian film to be nominated for the Oscar?
Ans : Mother India
50. Holi is celebrated in the month of—
Ans : Phalguna
51. Which city is the headquarters of the SAARC?
Ans : Kathmandu
52. Which U.S president won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906?
Ans : Theodore Roosevelt
53. Which animal is given or lent to other countries by the Chinese government as a mark of friendship?
Ans : Panda
54. What is the more popular name of the Alsatian breed of dogs?
Ans : German Shepherd
55. Which is used to refer to data transfer rates in modem?
Ans : Cps
56. On which island were the extinct bird dodo found?
Ans : Mauritius
57. "Sourav Ganguly, Virender Sehwag, Pravin Amre" what have in common ?
Ans : Century on Test debut
58. "In the English translation of Rabindranath Tagore's 'Gitanjali', which famous poet wrote the introduction? "
Ans : W.B. Yeats
59. 'Tarkash' is a collection of Urdu poetry by which famous lyricist?
Ans : Javed Akhtar
60. Which former US president devised the name 'United Nations'?
Ans : Franklin D. Roosevelt
61. Which Indian won a Grammy award in the 2002 Grammy Awards?
Ans : Pandit Ravi Shankar
62. Aristotle was the teacher of which famous emperor?
Ans : Alexander the Great
63. "In 1980, the Indian government issued a stamp to honour which hockey legend?"
Ans : Dhyan Chand
64. Which of these actors played a negative role in Steven Spielberg's 'Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'?
Ans : Amrish Puri
65. Who is the only cricketer to have played Test cricket for both England and India?
Ans : Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi
66. How is Badruddin Jamaluddin Kazi better known?
Ans Johnny Walker
67. Which of these games is also called 'Ping-Pong'?
Ans : Table tennis
68. Who has won the Nobel Prize twice?
Ans : Marie Curie
69. Who played the role of the young Raj Kapoor in the film 'Awara'?
Ans : Shashi Kapoor
70. Which of these computer languages was developed from an earlier language BCPL?
Ans : C
71. Which country was ruled by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk?
Ans : Turkey
72. By what name is the software program Multiplan now known?
Ans : MS Excel
73. By what name is actor R.K. Tuli better known?
Ans : Rajendra Kumar
74. "In 1640, which city was founded by Francis Day ?"
Ans : Madras
75. "In computers, what is the full form of OMR?"
Ans : Optical Mark Reading
76. Which famous director is the nephew of Dev Anand?
Ans : Shekhar Kapur
77. "In computers, which of these terms is used to refer to a temporary memory for data?"
Ans : Buffer
78. Who used the screen name 'Baby Rani' as a child actress?
Ans : Nargis
79. Who was the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate ?
Ans : Ibrahim Lodi
80. Who was the first Asian to swim across the English Channel?
Ans : Mihir Sen
81. Who was the first Indian to participate in the Wimbledon tennis tournament?
Ans : Sardar Nihal Singh
82. Which is the most used metal in the world?
Ans : Iron
83. Who was the first Roman Catholic president of USA?
Ans : John F. Kennedy
84. Name the first artificial satellite launched by man.
Ans : Sputnik 1
85. "In Germany, who among these was known as Kaiser?"
Ans : Emperor
86. Which of these cities is both in Europe and Asia?
Ans : Istanbul
87. Which is the longest river in Asia?
Ans : Yangtze
88. Which Indian actresses acted in the film 'City of Joy'?
Ans : Shabana Azmi
89. Which game was once known as battledore?
Ans : Badminton
90. In which continent is the Gibson Desert?
Ans : Australia
91. Which is the hardest naturally occurring substance known to man?
Ans : Diamond
92. What was the name of the first personal computer?
Ans : Altair
93. Which planet was discovered by the American astronomer Clyde W.Tombaugh?
Ans : Pluto
94. "Which of these elements was discovered by Pierre Curie, Marie Curie and G. Bemont?"
Ans : Radium
95. What do we call a device for connecting computer network that has the facilities of both a bridge and a router?
Ans : Brouter
96. After which Prime Minister was Connaught Place renamed?
Ans : Rajiv Gandhi
97. Which hill station of India became an autonomous state in 1970?
Ans : Meghalaya
98. Which city became the capital of Punjab immediately after Independence?
Ans : Shimla
99. Who was given the title of 'Kavi Priya' by Akbar?
Ans : Birbal
100. Which term is used to describe a computer having the characteristics of both digital and analog computers?
Ans : Hybrid computer
Great Personalities (Past and Present]
Great Personalities (Past and Present]
Akbar (1556–1605)—He was the greatest of Mughal Emperors of India, founder of the new religion ‘Din-i-Ilahi’.
Alberuni—A great historian who visited India in company with Mahmud Ghazni’s forces.
Amartya Sen Prof.—The recipient of Nobel Prize for Economics for the year 1998 Prof. Amartya Sen revolutionized world outlook on welfare economics.
Andrew C.F.—A British missionary who came to India in 1904. He worked for the freedom of India. He was known as Deen Bandhu.
Prof. Anusuya Chinaswamy Turan—Internationally acclaimed South African palaeobiologist of Indian Origin, Prof. Anusuya Chinaswamy Turan was named ‘Woman of the year 2005’ by certain South African agencies.
Arvid Carlsson—He has been awarded Nobel Prize 2000 in Medicine.
Arun Netravali—President of Bell Labs (USA), he is known as India’s Thomas Alva Edison. Like Edison’s 1093 patented inventions, Netravali’s 70 have hastened the evolution of techonology. Among his inventions is the world’s smallest working transistor.
Dr. Abdul Kalam, A.P.J.—He had been a scientist of repute, familiarly known as Missile Man of India. He was elected President of India in July 2002.
Aryabhatta—A great astronomer and mathematician of ancient India. India named her first scientific satellite after his death.
Amir Khusro—A great Muslim saint who lived in the time of Alauddin Khilji. Known for his Pahelis and songs.
Arthen Dunkel—He was the author of the ‘Dunkel Draft’ which ushered in global free-trade treaties and the World Trade Orga-nisation. He passed away in 2005.
Baden Powell (1857-1941)—Founder of the Boy Scouts Movement in 1908 and Girl Guides in 1910.
Bana Bhatt—The most learned Court poet of Harshvardhana, author of ‘Kadambari’ and ‘Harshcharitsar’.
Beethoven—A great German musician and composer of world fame.
Besant Annie (1846-1933)—An Irish woman who staunchly supported India’s freedom movement. Founder of the Theosophical Society in India.
Bjorn Borg—The tennis wonder of Sweden the Wimbledon Tennis King. He won his 5th successive Wimbeldon men’s singles title in London on July 5, 1980.
Bhabha Dr. Homi Jahangir (1909-66)—Was a great Indian scientist, first chairman of Atomic Energy Commission of India; made significant researches in the structure of atom and cosmic rays.
Bennerji Womesh Chandra—The first President of Indian National Congress.
Bhaskara I—A noted Indian astronomer of 9th century A.D.
Bhaskara II—One of the distinguished Indian astronomers and mathematicians of 12th century A.D. It may be remembred that India named her 2nd scientific satellite launched into space from a Soviet cosmodrome on June 27, 1979 after the name of Bhaskara.
Bhattacharya, Kanchan Chaudhry—Ms. Kanchan Chaudhry Bhattacharya became the first woman Director General of Police (DGP) in the country when she assumed charge as DGP Uttaranchal on June 17, 2004.
Bose, Nand Lal—Famous Indian artist, died in May 1966.
Bose J. C. (1858-1937)—Eminent Indian botanist; inventor of crescograph.
Bose, Subash Chandra—A great freedom fighter of India; popularly known as Netaji; founded the Indian National Army. Died in a plane crash in 1945.
Chatterjee Bankim’ Chandra—Literary king of Bengal after Madhusudan; author of ‘Anand Math’.
Columbus (1446-1506)—Famous Italian navigator who discovered America in 1492.
Confucius (551-449 B.C.)—Chinese sage and philosopher; founder of the great world religion Confucianism.
Che Guevara—A guerilla revolutionary who tried to foment revolts in several Latin American countries; shot dead in 1967.
Dante (1265-1321)—One of the greatest Italian poets; author of Divine Comedia’.
Darwin Charles (1802-82)—Discoverer of the Theory of Natural Selection, author of ‘The Origin of Species’.
Epicurus (542-270 B.C.)—Greek philosopher; founder of Epicurean philosophy.
Fa-hien—The first Chinese pilgrim who visited India during the reign of Chandra Gupta Vikramaditya.
Florence Nightingale—Also known as ‘The Lady with the Lamp’ the great English nurse who served the wounded soldiers in the Crimean War.
Galileo (1564-1642)—Italian scientist; inventor of telescope.
Garibaldi (1807-1882)—A great Italian fighter for freedom; played a great role in the unification of Italy.
Gayir Khan Irishanov—He is the world’s oldest living person. He lives in Dagestan, Russia and will celebrate his 135th birthday in 2001.
Girija Devi—A Dalit woman from East Champaran district of Bihar, Ms. Girija Devi addressed the 15th session of United Nations Division of Advancement of Women and Development of Economic and Social Affairs on February 27, 2006 in New York (USA).
Hieun Tsang—The Chinese pilgrim who visited India in seventh century during the reign of King Harshvardhana.
Hume Alan Octavian—An English statesman who founded the Indian National Congress in 1885.
Jayakanthan, D.—Noted Tamil writer D. Jayakanthan was conferred the 38th Jnanpith award in 2005 Jayakanthan who has won National and International aclaim for his thought-provoking essays, short stories, novels and novellas, lent to the half of the 20th century a contemporary blend of cultural and political history of Tamil people.
Kiran Bedi—India’s first woman IPS officer and a Magsaysay Award winner, has been appointed to the prestigious post of United Nations Civilian Police Adviser in the Department of Peace-keeping Operations.
Le Corbusier—The architect who designed Chandigarh.
Dr. Kalpana Chawla (1961–2003)—Born in India in 1961, Kalpana Chawla was the US astronaut who lost her life along with 6 other astronauts aboard US space shuttle Columbia, on Feb. 1, 2003. The space shuttle exploded in the sky only 16 minutes before its scheduled landing time.
Epstein—The great British sculptor.
Jamini Roy—Famous Indian painter.
J. M. Coetzee—South Africa born novelist J. M. Coetzee who bagged Booker Prize in 1983 and again in 1999 has added one more feather to his cap by winning Nobel Prize for Literature 2003. He is the first author to win Booker Prize twice.
M. S. Subbulakshmi—The, ‘Nightangle of Carnatic Music’ as also the celebrated exponent of classical and non-classical music, Bharat Ratna M.S.Subbulakshmi passed away at Chennai on Dec. 11, 2004 at the age of 88. She had also been honoured with Magsaysay Award. She had the unique honour of reciting devotional songs during the Silver Jubilee celebrations of UN in 1970. He impeccable music charmed one and all.
M.S. Swaminathan—Padma Vibhushan Dr. M. S. Swaminathan is called as ‘Father of Green Revolution’ in India and had been the DG of ICAR and presently he is the Chairman of ‘Rashtrya Kisan Auog’ (Est. in Feb. 2004).
Muttiah Muralitharan—Ace Sri Lankan off spinner Muttiah Muralitharan became the first bowler in cricket history in the world to claim over 1000 wickets in (593 in Tests and 411 in ODIs) international cricket. He achieved this unique milestone while playing against Bangladesh in Chittagong (Bangladesh) on March 2, 2006, which was also the 100th Test match of his career.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy—A great social reformer of Bengal helped William Bentick, Governor-General of India (1828-35) in the abolition of Sati and other social evils; founder of Brahmo Samaj.
Ray Satyajit—The famous Indian film producer and director. He has received several awards for his outstanding contribution to Indian cinema. His famous films are Sonar Kella and Shatranj Ke Khilari (Hindi) etc.
Susruta (14th Century A.D.)—One of the great ancient Indian surgeons.
Tilak, Balgangadhar (1856-1910)—A great nationalist Mahara-shtrian leader of India; wrote a commentary on the Gita while in a jail.
Vivekanand—A great propagator of Vedantic Philosophy; disciple of Swami Ram Krishna Paramhans, founded Ram Krishna Mission at Belur (West Bengal).
Joan of Arc (1412-31)—The girl whose heroism inspired the Frenon to drive the English out of Orleans. She was burnt alive on the stakes.
Kabir—One of the greatest exponents of Bhakti movement. He believed in the unity of God and equality of all religions.
Kalhan—11th century poet-historian of Kashmir, author of the famous book ‘Rajtarangini’.
Kautilya—The great politician who helped Chandra Gupta Maurya in securing political power.
Kumarila Bhatt—A well-known preacher of Hinduism during the 8th century.
Krishna Dev Rai—He was the most famous Raja of Vijai Nagar kingdom and the last great Hindu ruler of Southern India (1509-29).
Kamal Ataturk—Builder of modern Turkey. He defended the Dardanelles against the British in 1912 and drove the Greeks out of Turkey in 1922. President of the Turkish Republic and its virtual dictator (1923-28).
Leonardo da Vinci—One of the greatest all-round geniuses the world has ever produced—painter, sculptor, architect, scientist, engineer and musician. Painted ‘Mona Lisa’. The ‘Last Supper’.
Machiavelli—A fifteen-sixteenth century Florentine historian and diplomat; author of the famous treatise ‘The Prince’.
Magellan—Commanded the first expedition in 1519 to sail round the world. Discovered passages to the Pacific from the Atlantic through Straits later on named after him.
Manu—Famous Hindu Law giver; author of Manusmiriti.
Martin Luther (1483–1546)—Great German religious re-former, who headed Reformation in Europe.
Marx, Karl (1818–83)—German philosopher; author of ‘Das Capital’ and communist Manifosts.
Max Muller—A great German scholar of the 19th century who discovered the treasure of Sanskrit literature and folklore to the world.
Mahatma Gandhi (M.K. Gandhi) (1869–1948)—The greatest Indian after Buddha; father of the Indian nation; achieved freedom for India; was assassinated in 1948.
Mark Inglis—Mark Inglis of New Zealand made history on May 15, 2006, when he became the first double amputee to scale Mt. Everest, the highest peak in the world. Inglis, who had lost both of his legs in a climbing accident 24 years ago, reached the summit after 40 days of tough climbing.
Nanak, Guru (1469–1538)—Founder of the Sikh faith.
Nero (37–68 A.D.)—A tyrant and notorious sixth Roman emperor responsible for persecution of his countrymen.
Ms. Nivruti Rai—The first overseas citizen of India (OCI) card was presented to Ms. Nivruti Rai, an IT professional working in Intel, by Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh at the inaugural function of the Pravasi Bhartiya Divas–2006 in Hyderabad on January 7, 2006.
Panini—A great Sanskrit grammarian of ancient India.
Percy Sonn—Mr. Percy Sonn of South Africa was appointed as the new President of the ICC (International Cricket Council) on July 7, 2006. A lawyer by profession, Mr. Sonn is the first person from Africa to be appointed to the most senior post at cricket’s world governing body.
Picasso Pablo (1881-1973)—A great Spanish painter : founder of Cubism.
Pinter, Harold—British playwright, Mr. Harold Pinter whose spare style and use of silences has given rise to the adjective, ‘Pintersque’, won the 2005 Nobel Prize for Literature. Regarded as Britain’s one of best known dramatists, he has written many plays including The Birthday Party, The Caretaker etc.
P. N. Menon—P. N. Menon, a distinguished film maker who heralded a new wave in the Malyalam film industry died at Kochi on Sept. 9, 2008 at the age of 82. Winner of the J. C. Daniel Award for his outstanding contributions to the Malyalam film industry. Mr. Menon started his film career as a poster designer and art director. He had a penchant for visuals that struck a different chord among the viewers.
Pulkesin II (608–642)—The most powerful ruler of Chalukya dynasty in the Deccan.
Raman, C.V.—Professor of Physics and was, for his discovery of Raman Effect, awarded Nobel Prize.
Rousseau (1512–78)—Famous for his two remarkable works. ‘Confessions’ and ‘Social Contract’ which laid down principles of government and conduct; one of the intellectual forces of the French Revolution.
Shakespeare (1564–1616)—England’s greatest poet and dramatist. He was born at stratford on-Avon.
Shashi Tharoor—Mr. Shashi Tharoor has been nominated as a candidate by the Union Government for the post of United Nations Secretary General which falls vacant by the end of 2006. Mr. Tharoor, who is presently the Under Secretary in the UN, has been working for it since 1978.
Sreedharan E.—M. D. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. Mr. E. Sreedharan has been named one of the top 25 newsmakers of 2005 by the USA periodical Engineering News Record. Mr. Sreedharan has been named for the timely completion of Delhi’s 66 km. Metro rail project.
Sun-Yat-Sen—The founder of Chinese Republic, in 1912. He played a prominent part in 1911 Revolution.
Tagore, Rabindra Nath—Great Indian poet, novelist, awarded Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913.
Thyagaraja—Was South India’s best known and best-loved musician. He composed his songs in Telugu.
Todar Mal—One of the Nav Ratanas and Revenue Minister in the Court of Akbar.
Tolstoy, Leo—A great Russian writer. Mahatma Gandhi was greatly influenced by his works.
Tulsi Das—A great Hindu religious preacher, author of famous ‘Ram Charit Manas.’
Vatsayan H.S.—He was an eminent Hindi poet and novelist. He was awarded Jnanpith award for 1978 for his collection of poems.
Vivekanand (1865–1932)—A great Hindu saint and religious leader, founder of Ram Krishan Mission.
V.S. Naipaul—A distinguished writer of world fame. He is of Indian origin, now living in England. He has been honoured with Nobel Prize for Literature for 2001.
Wilbeforce, William—A distinguished agitator and orator against slave trade during the reign of George III.
V.V. Giri—The fourth President of India. He died in Madras on June 24, 1980 at the age of 85.
Javier Perez de Cuellar—He was the Secretary General of the United Nations. He took over the stewardship of the United Nations from Dr. Kurt Waldheim on January 1, 1982 and remained in office till 31 Dec., 1991.
Mark Shuttleworth—He is the world’s second and South Africa’s first space tourist. He was hurled into space by Russian Soyuz T.M.-34 rocket in April 2002 to reach the International Space Station.
Yuichiro Miura—He hails from Japan. He is the oldest man yet ever to reach Mt. Everest. He sealed the peak in May 2003 along with his son Gota.
Baumgartner—Austrian adventurer who flew across the English Channel without aircraft with the help of a special parachute.
Chloe Bennion—A six year old girl with an IQ of 138, she has become the youngest current member of Meusa International, a high IQ society. Meusa welcomes people from all walks of life whose IQ is in the top 2 per cent of the population.
L. N. Mittal—The second Indian billionaire (next to Wipro’s Azim Premji) with a net worth of $ 6•2 billion, Mr. L. N. Mittal is one of the 7 Indian billionaires listed by Forbes list of world’s 587 billionaire. He is the founder and Chairman of LNM Group, poised to become world’s largest steel maker. Lately he has been ranked as the third richest man of the world and the richest man of the U.K.
Pope Benedict XVI—Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (78) was elected 265th Pope of Roman Catholic Church on April 19, 2005 in Vatican City taking the name of Benedict XVI. He was formally inaugurated on April 24, 2005.
Yasser Arafat—Chairman of Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) since 1969 and co-founder of Al-Fatah (1956), President of Palestinian Authority, Mr. Yasser Arafat passed away in Paris on Nov. 11, 2004 at the age of 75, leaving his dream of Palestinian statehood unfulfilled. He symbolised for decades the Palestinian people’s struggle for an independent homeland.
Steve Fossett—US adventurer Steve Fossett has set records in sailboats, gliders and hot-air balloons. On March 3, 2005, he did it in an aeroplane. When he touched down at Salina airport, he became the first person to circumnavigate the globe on a solo, non-stop, non-refuelled flight. On Feb. 12, 2006 he established the world record of longest yet non-stop flight in his Virgin Atlantic Global Flyer.
V. Kurean—Dr. V. Kurean (born on 26 Nov. 1921) is the founder of NDDB (National Dairy Development Board) Anand (Gujarat) and is also called as ‘Father of White Revolution’ in milk sector in India.
Akbar (1556–1605)—He was the greatest of Mughal Emperors of India, founder of the new religion ‘Din-i-Ilahi’.
Alberuni—A great historian who visited India in company with Mahmud Ghazni’s forces.
Amartya Sen Prof.—The recipient of Nobel Prize for Economics for the year 1998 Prof. Amartya Sen revolutionized world outlook on welfare economics.
Andrew C.F.—A British missionary who came to India in 1904. He worked for the freedom of India. He was known as Deen Bandhu.
Prof. Anusuya Chinaswamy Turan—Internationally acclaimed South African palaeobiologist of Indian Origin, Prof. Anusuya Chinaswamy Turan was named ‘Woman of the year 2005’ by certain South African agencies.
Arvid Carlsson—He has been awarded Nobel Prize 2000 in Medicine.
Arun Netravali—President of Bell Labs (USA), he is known as India’s Thomas Alva Edison. Like Edison’s 1093 patented inventions, Netravali’s 70 have hastened the evolution of techonology. Among his inventions is the world’s smallest working transistor.
Dr. Abdul Kalam, A.P.J.—He had been a scientist of repute, familiarly known as Missile Man of India. He was elected President of India in July 2002.
Aryabhatta—A great astronomer and mathematician of ancient India. India named her first scientific satellite after his death.
Amir Khusro—A great Muslim saint who lived in the time of Alauddin Khilji. Known for his Pahelis and songs.
Arthen Dunkel—He was the author of the ‘Dunkel Draft’ which ushered in global free-trade treaties and the World Trade Orga-nisation. He passed away in 2005.
Baden Powell (1857-1941)—Founder of the Boy Scouts Movement in 1908 and Girl Guides in 1910.
Bana Bhatt—The most learned Court poet of Harshvardhana, author of ‘Kadambari’ and ‘Harshcharitsar’.
Beethoven—A great German musician and composer of world fame.
Besant Annie (1846-1933)—An Irish woman who staunchly supported India’s freedom movement. Founder of the Theosophical Society in India.
Bjorn Borg—The tennis wonder of Sweden the Wimbledon Tennis King. He won his 5th successive Wimbeldon men’s singles title in London on July 5, 1980.
Bhabha Dr. Homi Jahangir (1909-66)—Was a great Indian scientist, first chairman of Atomic Energy Commission of India; made significant researches in the structure of atom and cosmic rays.
Bennerji Womesh Chandra—The first President of Indian National Congress.
Bhaskara I—A noted Indian astronomer of 9th century A.D.
Bhaskara II—One of the distinguished Indian astronomers and mathematicians of 12th century A.D. It may be remembred that India named her 2nd scientific satellite launched into space from a Soviet cosmodrome on June 27, 1979 after the name of Bhaskara.
Bhattacharya, Kanchan Chaudhry—Ms. Kanchan Chaudhry Bhattacharya became the first woman Director General of Police (DGP) in the country when she assumed charge as DGP Uttaranchal on June 17, 2004.
Bose, Nand Lal—Famous Indian artist, died in May 1966.
Bose J. C. (1858-1937)—Eminent Indian botanist; inventor of crescograph.
Bose, Subash Chandra—A great freedom fighter of India; popularly known as Netaji; founded the Indian National Army. Died in a plane crash in 1945.
Chatterjee Bankim’ Chandra—Literary king of Bengal after Madhusudan; author of ‘Anand Math’.
Columbus (1446-1506)—Famous Italian navigator who discovered America in 1492.
Confucius (551-449 B.C.)—Chinese sage and philosopher; founder of the great world religion Confucianism.
Che Guevara—A guerilla revolutionary who tried to foment revolts in several Latin American countries; shot dead in 1967.
Dante (1265-1321)—One of the greatest Italian poets; author of Divine Comedia’.
Darwin Charles (1802-82)—Discoverer of the Theory of Natural Selection, author of ‘The Origin of Species’.
Epicurus (542-270 B.C.)—Greek philosopher; founder of Epicurean philosophy.
Fa-hien—The first Chinese pilgrim who visited India during the reign of Chandra Gupta Vikramaditya.
Florence Nightingale—Also known as ‘The Lady with the Lamp’ the great English nurse who served the wounded soldiers in the Crimean War.
Galileo (1564-1642)—Italian scientist; inventor of telescope.
Garibaldi (1807-1882)—A great Italian fighter for freedom; played a great role in the unification of Italy.
Gayir Khan Irishanov—He is the world’s oldest living person. He lives in Dagestan, Russia and will celebrate his 135th birthday in 2001.
Girija Devi—A Dalit woman from East Champaran district of Bihar, Ms. Girija Devi addressed the 15th session of United Nations Division of Advancement of Women and Development of Economic and Social Affairs on February 27, 2006 in New York (USA).
Hieun Tsang—The Chinese pilgrim who visited India in seventh century during the reign of King Harshvardhana.
Hume Alan Octavian—An English statesman who founded the Indian National Congress in 1885.
Jayakanthan, D.—Noted Tamil writer D. Jayakanthan was conferred the 38th Jnanpith award in 2005 Jayakanthan who has won National and International aclaim for his thought-provoking essays, short stories, novels and novellas, lent to the half of the 20th century a contemporary blend of cultural and political history of Tamil people.
Kiran Bedi—India’s first woman IPS officer and a Magsaysay Award winner, has been appointed to the prestigious post of United Nations Civilian Police Adviser in the Department of Peace-keeping Operations.
Le Corbusier—The architect who designed Chandigarh.
Dr. Kalpana Chawla (1961–2003)—Born in India in 1961, Kalpana Chawla was the US astronaut who lost her life along with 6 other astronauts aboard US space shuttle Columbia, on Feb. 1, 2003. The space shuttle exploded in the sky only 16 minutes before its scheduled landing time.
Epstein—The great British sculptor.
Jamini Roy—Famous Indian painter.
J. M. Coetzee—South Africa born novelist J. M. Coetzee who bagged Booker Prize in 1983 and again in 1999 has added one more feather to his cap by winning Nobel Prize for Literature 2003. He is the first author to win Booker Prize twice.
M. S. Subbulakshmi—The, ‘Nightangle of Carnatic Music’ as also the celebrated exponent of classical and non-classical music, Bharat Ratna M.S.Subbulakshmi passed away at Chennai on Dec. 11, 2004 at the age of 88. She had also been honoured with Magsaysay Award. She had the unique honour of reciting devotional songs during the Silver Jubilee celebrations of UN in 1970. He impeccable music charmed one and all.
M.S. Swaminathan—Padma Vibhushan Dr. M. S. Swaminathan is called as ‘Father of Green Revolution’ in India and had been the DG of ICAR and presently he is the Chairman of ‘Rashtrya Kisan Auog’ (Est. in Feb. 2004).
Muttiah Muralitharan—Ace Sri Lankan off spinner Muttiah Muralitharan became the first bowler in cricket history in the world to claim over 1000 wickets in (593 in Tests and 411 in ODIs) international cricket. He achieved this unique milestone while playing against Bangladesh in Chittagong (Bangladesh) on March 2, 2006, which was also the 100th Test match of his career.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy—A great social reformer of Bengal helped William Bentick, Governor-General of India (1828-35) in the abolition of Sati and other social evils; founder of Brahmo Samaj.
Ray Satyajit—The famous Indian film producer and director. He has received several awards for his outstanding contribution to Indian cinema. His famous films are Sonar Kella and Shatranj Ke Khilari (Hindi) etc.
Susruta (14th Century A.D.)—One of the great ancient Indian surgeons.
Tilak, Balgangadhar (1856-1910)—A great nationalist Mahara-shtrian leader of India; wrote a commentary on the Gita while in a jail.
Vivekanand—A great propagator of Vedantic Philosophy; disciple of Swami Ram Krishna Paramhans, founded Ram Krishna Mission at Belur (West Bengal).
Joan of Arc (1412-31)—The girl whose heroism inspired the Frenon to drive the English out of Orleans. She was burnt alive on the stakes.
Kabir—One of the greatest exponents of Bhakti movement. He believed in the unity of God and equality of all religions.
Kalhan—11th century poet-historian of Kashmir, author of the famous book ‘Rajtarangini’.
Kautilya—The great politician who helped Chandra Gupta Maurya in securing political power.
Kumarila Bhatt—A well-known preacher of Hinduism during the 8th century.
Krishna Dev Rai—He was the most famous Raja of Vijai Nagar kingdom and the last great Hindu ruler of Southern India (1509-29).
Kamal Ataturk—Builder of modern Turkey. He defended the Dardanelles against the British in 1912 and drove the Greeks out of Turkey in 1922. President of the Turkish Republic and its virtual dictator (1923-28).
Leonardo da Vinci—One of the greatest all-round geniuses the world has ever produced—painter, sculptor, architect, scientist, engineer and musician. Painted ‘Mona Lisa’. The ‘Last Supper’.
Machiavelli—A fifteen-sixteenth century Florentine historian and diplomat; author of the famous treatise ‘The Prince’.
Magellan—Commanded the first expedition in 1519 to sail round the world. Discovered passages to the Pacific from the Atlantic through Straits later on named after him.
Manu—Famous Hindu Law giver; author of Manusmiriti.
Martin Luther (1483–1546)—Great German religious re-former, who headed Reformation in Europe.
Marx, Karl (1818–83)—German philosopher; author of ‘Das Capital’ and communist Manifosts.
Max Muller—A great German scholar of the 19th century who discovered the treasure of Sanskrit literature and folklore to the world.
Mahatma Gandhi (M.K. Gandhi) (1869–1948)—The greatest Indian after Buddha; father of the Indian nation; achieved freedom for India; was assassinated in 1948.
Mark Inglis—Mark Inglis of New Zealand made history on May 15, 2006, when he became the first double amputee to scale Mt. Everest, the highest peak in the world. Inglis, who had lost both of his legs in a climbing accident 24 years ago, reached the summit after 40 days of tough climbing.
Nanak, Guru (1469–1538)—Founder of the Sikh faith.
Nero (37–68 A.D.)—A tyrant and notorious sixth Roman emperor responsible for persecution of his countrymen.
Ms. Nivruti Rai—The first overseas citizen of India (OCI) card was presented to Ms. Nivruti Rai, an IT professional working in Intel, by Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh at the inaugural function of the Pravasi Bhartiya Divas–2006 in Hyderabad on January 7, 2006.
Panini—A great Sanskrit grammarian of ancient India.
Percy Sonn—Mr. Percy Sonn of South Africa was appointed as the new President of the ICC (International Cricket Council) on July 7, 2006. A lawyer by profession, Mr. Sonn is the first person from Africa to be appointed to the most senior post at cricket’s world governing body.
Picasso Pablo (1881-1973)—A great Spanish painter : founder of Cubism.
Pinter, Harold—British playwright, Mr. Harold Pinter whose spare style and use of silences has given rise to the adjective, ‘Pintersque’, won the 2005 Nobel Prize for Literature. Regarded as Britain’s one of best known dramatists, he has written many plays including The Birthday Party, The Caretaker etc.
P. N. Menon—P. N. Menon, a distinguished film maker who heralded a new wave in the Malyalam film industry died at Kochi on Sept. 9, 2008 at the age of 82. Winner of the J. C. Daniel Award for his outstanding contributions to the Malyalam film industry. Mr. Menon started his film career as a poster designer and art director. He had a penchant for visuals that struck a different chord among the viewers.
Pulkesin II (608–642)—The most powerful ruler of Chalukya dynasty in the Deccan.
Raman, C.V.—Professor of Physics and was, for his discovery of Raman Effect, awarded Nobel Prize.
Rousseau (1512–78)—Famous for his two remarkable works. ‘Confessions’ and ‘Social Contract’ which laid down principles of government and conduct; one of the intellectual forces of the French Revolution.
Shakespeare (1564–1616)—England’s greatest poet and dramatist. He was born at stratford on-Avon.
Shashi Tharoor—Mr. Shashi Tharoor has been nominated as a candidate by the Union Government for the post of United Nations Secretary General which falls vacant by the end of 2006. Mr. Tharoor, who is presently the Under Secretary in the UN, has been working for it since 1978.
Sreedharan E.—M. D. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. Mr. E. Sreedharan has been named one of the top 25 newsmakers of 2005 by the USA periodical Engineering News Record. Mr. Sreedharan has been named for the timely completion of Delhi’s 66 km. Metro rail project.
Sun-Yat-Sen—The founder of Chinese Republic, in 1912. He played a prominent part in 1911 Revolution.
Tagore, Rabindra Nath—Great Indian poet, novelist, awarded Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913.
Thyagaraja—Was South India’s best known and best-loved musician. He composed his songs in Telugu.
Todar Mal—One of the Nav Ratanas and Revenue Minister in the Court of Akbar.
Tolstoy, Leo—A great Russian writer. Mahatma Gandhi was greatly influenced by his works.
Tulsi Das—A great Hindu religious preacher, author of famous ‘Ram Charit Manas.’
Vatsayan H.S.—He was an eminent Hindi poet and novelist. He was awarded Jnanpith award for 1978 for his collection of poems.
Vivekanand (1865–1932)—A great Hindu saint and religious leader, founder of Ram Krishan Mission.
V.S. Naipaul—A distinguished writer of world fame. He is of Indian origin, now living in England. He has been honoured with Nobel Prize for Literature for 2001.
Wilbeforce, William—A distinguished agitator and orator against slave trade during the reign of George III.
V.V. Giri—The fourth President of India. He died in Madras on June 24, 1980 at the age of 85.
Javier Perez de Cuellar—He was the Secretary General of the United Nations. He took over the stewardship of the United Nations from Dr. Kurt Waldheim on January 1, 1982 and remained in office till 31 Dec., 1991.
Mark Shuttleworth—He is the world’s second and South Africa’s first space tourist. He was hurled into space by Russian Soyuz T.M.-34 rocket in April 2002 to reach the International Space Station.
Yuichiro Miura—He hails from Japan. He is the oldest man yet ever to reach Mt. Everest. He sealed the peak in May 2003 along with his son Gota.
Baumgartner—Austrian adventurer who flew across the English Channel without aircraft with the help of a special parachute.
Chloe Bennion—A six year old girl with an IQ of 138, she has become the youngest current member of Meusa International, a high IQ society. Meusa welcomes people from all walks of life whose IQ is in the top 2 per cent of the population.
L. N. Mittal—The second Indian billionaire (next to Wipro’s Azim Premji) with a net worth of $ 6•2 billion, Mr. L. N. Mittal is one of the 7 Indian billionaires listed by Forbes list of world’s 587 billionaire. He is the founder and Chairman of LNM Group, poised to become world’s largest steel maker. Lately he has been ranked as the third richest man of the world and the richest man of the U.K.
Pope Benedict XVI—Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (78) was elected 265th Pope of Roman Catholic Church on April 19, 2005 in Vatican City taking the name of Benedict XVI. He was formally inaugurated on April 24, 2005.
Yasser Arafat—Chairman of Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) since 1969 and co-founder of Al-Fatah (1956), President of Palestinian Authority, Mr. Yasser Arafat passed away in Paris on Nov. 11, 2004 at the age of 75, leaving his dream of Palestinian statehood unfulfilled. He symbolised for decades the Palestinian people’s struggle for an independent homeland.
Steve Fossett—US adventurer Steve Fossett has set records in sailboats, gliders and hot-air balloons. On March 3, 2005, he did it in an aeroplane. When he touched down at Salina airport, he became the first person to circumnavigate the globe on a solo, non-stop, non-refuelled flight. On Feb. 12, 2006 he established the world record of longest yet non-stop flight in his Virgin Atlantic Global Flyer.
V. Kurean—Dr. V. Kurean (born on 26 Nov. 1921) is the founder of NDDB (National Dairy Development Board) Anand (Gujarat) and is also called as ‘Father of White Revolution’ in milk sector in India.
बुधवार, 23 जून 2010
भारतीय क्रांति की कुछ रोचक जानकारियां
1. पंडित मदन मोहन मालवीय ने 1909 में कौनसा समाचार-पत्र प्रारंभ किया ?
उत्तर: लीडर
2. किस क्रांतिकारी ने इंग्लैण्ड में क्रांतिकारी गतिविधियों के आरंभिक केंद्र के रूप में इंडियन होमरूल सोसाइटी की शुरुआत की ?
उत्तर: श्यामजी कृष्ण वर्मा ने
3. भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस के आवाड़ी अधिवेशन(1955) में 'समाज के समाजवादी ढाँचे' को औपचारिक रूप में स्वीकार किया गया । इस अधिवेशन की अध्यक्षता किसने की ?
उत्तर: यू. एन. ढेबर ने
4. 1906 में स्वराज को राष्ट्रीय आन्दोलन का लक्ष्य घोषित करने वाले भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस के अध्यक्ष कौन थे ?
उत्तर: दादाभाई नौरोजी
5. किसके विरुद्ध महात्मा गाँधी का सत्याग्रह के लिये आह्वान उनका अखिल भारतीय संघर्ष के नेतृत्व का सर्वप्रथम प्रयास था ?
उत्तर: रॉलट एक्ट के विरुद्ध
6. मार्च 1925 में किसे केन्द्रीय लेजिस्लेटिव का अध्यक्ष चुना गया ?
उत्तर: विट्ठल भाई पटेल को
7. 'व्हाई सोशलिज्म नामक पुस्तक किस स्वतंत्रता सेनानी की कृति है ?
उत्तर: जयप्रकाश नारायण की
8. भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के सन्दर्भ में दूसरे गोलमेज सम्मलेन में भारत की महिला प्रतिनिधि के रूप में किसने भाग लिया ?
उत्तर: सरोजनी नायडू ने
9. 1936 में 'इन्डिपेंडेंट लेबर पार्टी' की स्थापना किसने की थी ?
उत्तर: डॉ. बी. आर. अम्बेडकर ने
10. कांग्रेस के लखनऊ अधिवेशन(1936) में अखिल भारतीय किसान सभा की स्थापना की गयी । इसका प्रथम अध्यक्ष किसे चुना गया ?
उत्तर: स्वामी सहजानन्द सरस्वती को
उत्तर: लीडर
2. किस क्रांतिकारी ने इंग्लैण्ड में क्रांतिकारी गतिविधियों के आरंभिक केंद्र के रूप में इंडियन होमरूल सोसाइटी की शुरुआत की ?
उत्तर: श्यामजी कृष्ण वर्मा ने
3. भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस के आवाड़ी अधिवेशन(1955) में 'समाज के समाजवादी ढाँचे' को औपचारिक रूप में स्वीकार किया गया । इस अधिवेशन की अध्यक्षता किसने की ?
उत्तर: यू. एन. ढेबर ने
4. 1906 में स्वराज को राष्ट्रीय आन्दोलन का लक्ष्य घोषित करने वाले भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस के अध्यक्ष कौन थे ?
उत्तर: दादाभाई नौरोजी
5. किसके विरुद्ध महात्मा गाँधी का सत्याग्रह के लिये आह्वान उनका अखिल भारतीय संघर्ष के नेतृत्व का सर्वप्रथम प्रयास था ?
उत्तर: रॉलट एक्ट के विरुद्ध
6. मार्च 1925 में किसे केन्द्रीय लेजिस्लेटिव का अध्यक्ष चुना गया ?
उत्तर: विट्ठल भाई पटेल को
7. 'व्हाई सोशलिज्म नामक पुस्तक किस स्वतंत्रता सेनानी की कृति है ?
उत्तर: जयप्रकाश नारायण की
8. भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के सन्दर्भ में दूसरे गोलमेज सम्मलेन में भारत की महिला प्रतिनिधि के रूप में किसने भाग लिया ?
उत्तर: सरोजनी नायडू ने
9. 1936 में 'इन्डिपेंडेंट लेबर पार्टी' की स्थापना किसने की थी ?
उत्तर: डॉ. बी. आर. अम्बेडकर ने
10. कांग्रेस के लखनऊ अधिवेशन(1936) में अखिल भारतीय किसान सभा की स्थापना की गयी । इसका प्रथम अध्यक्ष किसे चुना गया ?
उत्तर: स्वामी सहजानन्द सरस्वती को
मंगलवार, 22 जून 2010
GK Countries Associated with Industries, Foreign Towns Associated with Industries, Indian Towns Associated with Industries of Factories, Important Res
Countries Associated with Industries
Afghanistan—Carpets, wool, dry and fresh fruits.
Australia—Wheat, wool, meat, dairy products.
Austria—Machinery, textile, leather goods.
Belgium—Glass, textiles.
Brazil—Coffee.
Canada—Wheat, machinery, newsprint.
Chile—Copper.
China—Rice, tea, silk, iron and steel, oil refining.
Cuba—Sugar, Tobacco.
Denmark—Dairy products.
England—Textiles, machinery, medicines, motor cars.
Finland—Textiles, paper.
France—Textiles, silk, wine.
Germany—Machinery, iron and steel goods, equipment and transport equipment, chemical products, refrigerators, television, washing machines, lenses, radio etc.
Ghana—Gold, manganese, coffee.
India—Sugar, hides and skins, mica, manganese, tea, lac, jute, textiles.
Indonesia—Sugar, spices, rice, oil, rubber, cinchona.
Iran—Petroleum, dry fruits, carpet.
Iraq—Petroleum, dates.
Italy—Textiles, mercury.
Japan—Automobiles, machinery, textiles, toys, silk, hosiery electronics.
Kuwait—Petroleum.
Malaysia—Tin, rubber.
Mexico—Silver, petroleum.
Netherlands—Machinery, electrical goods, aircraft.
Russia—Heavy machinery, petroleum, iron and steel, chemicals.
Saudi Arabia—Oil and dates.
Spain—Lead.
Sweden—Matches, timber.
Switzerland—Watches, electrical equipment.
Taiwan—Rice, Camphor.
South Africa—Gold and diamond mining.
U.S.A.—Automobiles, machinery, coal, wheat, petroleum.
Vietnam—Tin, cinchona, rubber, rice and teak.
West Indies—Sugar, tobacco.
Foreign Towns Associated with Industries
Baku (Azerbaijan)—Petroleum.
Bangkok (Thailand)—Ship building, Teak wood.
Belfast (Ireland)—Linen goods, Ship building.
Buenos Aires (Argentina)—Dairy Products, meat.
Cadiz (Portugal)—Coork.
Chicago (U.S.A.)—Agricultural implements, grain and meat, automobiles.
Cologne (West Germany)—On river Rhine, Eau-de-Cologne, cotton and woollen industries.
Dacca (Bangladesh)—Jute, Famous for muslin in olden days.
Detroit (U.S.A.)—Motor cars.
Dresden (East Germany)—Optical and photographic apparatus.
Essen (W. Germany)—Engineering works, Krupps Iron and Steel Works, coal mining.
Glasgow (Scotland)—Machinery, Textile.
Havana (Cuba)—Tobacco, cigars, sugar.
Hollywood (U.S.A.)—Film industry.
Johanesburg (S. Africa)—Gold mines.
Kimberley (S. Africa)—Diamond mining.
Leeds (England)—Woollen goods.
Los Angeles (U.S.A.)—Film production, oil mines.
Lyons (France)—Silk industries.
Mauritius (Indian Ocean)—Sugar.
Milan (Italy)—Silk.
Morocco (North Africa)—Leather.
Multan (Pakistan)—Pottery, dates, durries.
Munich (W. Germany)—Lenses.
New Orleans (U.S.A.)—Cotton.
Pittsburg (U.S.A.)—Iron and Steel, coal petroleum.
Plymouth (England)—Ship-building.
Sheffield (England)—Cutlery.
Sylhet (Bangladesh)—Tea, shell carving.
Venice (Italy)—Glass manufacture.
Vienna (Austria)—Glass manufacture.
Wellington (New Zealand)—Dairy products.
Yenganyaung (Burma)—Petroleum
Indian Towns Associated with Industries or Factories
Agra (U.P.)—Marble, leather, carpets, stoneware.
Ahmedabad (Gujarat)—Cotton Textiles.
Aligarh (U.P.)—Locks, cutlery and dairy industry.
Ambernath (Maharashtra)—Machine Tools Prototype Factory.
Ankleshwar (Gujarat)—Oil fields.
Bangaluru (Karnataka)—Cotton textiles, toys, carpets, motors, Hindustan Aircraft, Telephone and Machine tools.
Bareilly (U.P.)—Resin industry, Bamboo wood work, Match Factory.
Batanagar—Shoes
Bhilai (Chhattisgarh)—Steel.
Bokaro (Jharkhand)—Steel plant.
Mumbai—Cotton textiles, cinema, woollen goods etc.
Kolkata (W.B.)—Jute, Electric bulbs and lamps.
Chitranjan (W.B.)—Locomotive.
Chhindwara (M. P.)—Coal, Lime-stone.
Churk (U.P.)—Cement.
Cochin (Kerala)—Ship-building, coffee, coconut, oil, coirmat rubber.
Cyberabad (Andhra Pradesh)—Electronics Computer etc. Information Technology.
Dalmianagar (Jharkhand)—Cement.
Delhi—D.D.T., Textiles and Housing.
Dhariwal (Punjab)—Woollen goods.
Digboi—Petroleum.
Durgapur (W.B.)—Steel.
Firozabad (U.P.)—Glass.
Guntur (A.P.)—Cotton manufacture.
Gwalior (M.P.)—Pottery.
Jaipur (Raj.)—Embroidery, pottery, brassware.
Jalahalli—Machine Tools Factory and Electronics.
Jamshedpur (Jharkhand)—Iron and Steel goods.
Jharia (Jharkhand)—Coal.
Katni (M.P.)—Cement.
Kalamassery (Kerala)—Hindustan Machine Tools.
Khetri (Rajasthan)—Copper.
Ludhiana (Punjab)—Hosiery.
Moradabad (U.P.)—Utensils, Calico-printing.
Mysore (Karnataka)—Silk.
Narora (U.P.)—Atomic Power Unit.
Nangal (Punjab)—Fertilizers.
Nepanagar (M.P.)—Newsprint.
Neyveli—Lignite.
Nunamati—Oil-refining.
Perambur (Tamil Nadu)—Integral Coach Factory.
Pimpri (Maharashtra)—Penicillin Factory.
Pinjore (Haryana)—Hindustan Machine Tools.
Rana Pratap Sagar (Rajasthan)—Hydro Power Plant.
Rawatbhata (Raj.)—Atomic Power Plant near Kota.
Raniganj (W.B.)—Coal mines.
Renukoote (U.P.)—Hindustan Aluminium works.
Rourkela (Orissa)—Steel, Fertilizers.
Rupnarainpur (W.B.)—Cables.
Saharanpur (U.P.)—Mangoes, Cigarette factory, paper mill.
Sindri (Jharkhand)—Fertilizers.
Singareni (Andhra Pradesh)—Coal.
Singhbhum (Jharkhand)—Copper.
Srinagar (Kashmir)—Woollen Shawls, silks, wood work embroidery.
Surajpur (Haryana)—Cement factory.
Surat (Gujarat)—Textiles.
Sholapur (Maharashtra)—Cotton textiles.
Tarapur (Maharashtra)—Atomic Power Plant.
Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu)—Cigar.
Titagarh (W.B.)—Paper and Jute.
Trombay (Maharashtra)—Atomic Reactors, Fertilizers, oil refineries, Uranium Thorium Factory.
Vijaypur (M.P.)—Fertilizers.
Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh)—Ship building, Iron and Steel and Oil refinery.
Zainkot (J & K)—Hindustan Machine Tools (Watches).
Important Residences of the World
Bogor Palace—Summer palace of the President of Indonesia.
Buckingham Palace (London)—King/Queen of England.
10-Downing Street (London)—Prime Minister of U.K.
Elysee Palace (Paris)—French President.
Rashtrapati Bhawan (New Delhi)—Indian President.
Vatican City (Rome)—Pope.
White House—U.S. President.
Afghanistan—Carpets, wool, dry and fresh fruits.
Australia—Wheat, wool, meat, dairy products.
Austria—Machinery, textile, leather goods.
Belgium—Glass, textiles.
Brazil—Coffee.
Canada—Wheat, machinery, newsprint.
Chile—Copper.
China—Rice, tea, silk, iron and steel, oil refining.
Cuba—Sugar, Tobacco.
Denmark—Dairy products.
England—Textiles, machinery, medicines, motor cars.
Finland—Textiles, paper.
France—Textiles, silk, wine.
Germany—Machinery, iron and steel goods, equipment and transport equipment, chemical products, refrigerators, television, washing machines, lenses, radio etc.
Ghana—Gold, manganese, coffee.
India—Sugar, hides and skins, mica, manganese, tea, lac, jute, textiles.
Indonesia—Sugar, spices, rice, oil, rubber, cinchona.
Iran—Petroleum, dry fruits, carpet.
Iraq—Petroleum, dates.
Italy—Textiles, mercury.
Japan—Automobiles, machinery, textiles, toys, silk, hosiery electronics.
Kuwait—Petroleum.
Malaysia—Tin, rubber.
Mexico—Silver, petroleum.
Netherlands—Machinery, electrical goods, aircraft.
Russia—Heavy machinery, petroleum, iron and steel, chemicals.
Saudi Arabia—Oil and dates.
Spain—Lead.
Sweden—Matches, timber.
Switzerland—Watches, electrical equipment.
Taiwan—Rice, Camphor.
South Africa—Gold and diamond mining.
U.S.A.—Automobiles, machinery, coal, wheat, petroleum.
Vietnam—Tin, cinchona, rubber, rice and teak.
West Indies—Sugar, tobacco.
Foreign Towns Associated with Industries
Baku (Azerbaijan)—Petroleum.
Bangkok (Thailand)—Ship building, Teak wood.
Belfast (Ireland)—Linen goods, Ship building.
Buenos Aires (Argentina)—Dairy Products, meat.
Cadiz (Portugal)—Coork.
Chicago (U.S.A.)—Agricultural implements, grain and meat, automobiles.
Cologne (West Germany)—On river Rhine, Eau-de-Cologne, cotton and woollen industries.
Dacca (Bangladesh)—Jute, Famous for muslin in olden days.
Detroit (U.S.A.)—Motor cars.
Dresden (East Germany)—Optical and photographic apparatus.
Essen (W. Germany)—Engineering works, Krupps Iron and Steel Works, coal mining.
Glasgow (Scotland)—Machinery, Textile.
Havana (Cuba)—Tobacco, cigars, sugar.
Hollywood (U.S.A.)—Film industry.
Johanesburg (S. Africa)—Gold mines.
Kimberley (S. Africa)—Diamond mining.
Leeds (England)—Woollen goods.
Los Angeles (U.S.A.)—Film production, oil mines.
Lyons (France)—Silk industries.
Mauritius (Indian Ocean)—Sugar.
Milan (Italy)—Silk.
Morocco (North Africa)—Leather.
Multan (Pakistan)—Pottery, dates, durries.
Munich (W. Germany)—Lenses.
New Orleans (U.S.A.)—Cotton.
Pittsburg (U.S.A.)—Iron and Steel, coal petroleum.
Plymouth (England)—Ship-building.
Sheffield (England)—Cutlery.
Sylhet (Bangladesh)—Tea, shell carving.
Venice (Italy)—Glass manufacture.
Vienna (Austria)—Glass manufacture.
Wellington (New Zealand)—Dairy products.
Yenganyaung (Burma)—Petroleum
Indian Towns Associated with Industries or Factories
Agra (U.P.)—Marble, leather, carpets, stoneware.
Ahmedabad (Gujarat)—Cotton Textiles.
Aligarh (U.P.)—Locks, cutlery and dairy industry.
Ambernath (Maharashtra)—Machine Tools Prototype Factory.
Ankleshwar (Gujarat)—Oil fields.
Bangaluru (Karnataka)—Cotton textiles, toys, carpets, motors, Hindustan Aircraft, Telephone and Machine tools.
Bareilly (U.P.)—Resin industry, Bamboo wood work, Match Factory.
Batanagar—Shoes
Bhilai (Chhattisgarh)—Steel.
Bokaro (Jharkhand)—Steel plant.
Mumbai—Cotton textiles, cinema, woollen goods etc.
Kolkata (W.B.)—Jute, Electric bulbs and lamps.
Chitranjan (W.B.)—Locomotive.
Chhindwara (M. P.)—Coal, Lime-stone.
Churk (U.P.)—Cement.
Cochin (Kerala)—Ship-building, coffee, coconut, oil, coirmat rubber.
Cyberabad (Andhra Pradesh)—Electronics Computer etc. Information Technology.
Dalmianagar (Jharkhand)—Cement.
Delhi—D.D.T., Textiles and Housing.
Dhariwal (Punjab)—Woollen goods.
Digboi—Petroleum.
Durgapur (W.B.)—Steel.
Firozabad (U.P.)—Glass.
Guntur (A.P.)—Cotton manufacture.
Gwalior (M.P.)—Pottery.
Jaipur (Raj.)—Embroidery, pottery, brassware.
Jalahalli—Machine Tools Factory and Electronics.
Jamshedpur (Jharkhand)—Iron and Steel goods.
Jharia (Jharkhand)—Coal.
Katni (M.P.)—Cement.
Kalamassery (Kerala)—Hindustan Machine Tools.
Khetri (Rajasthan)—Copper.
Ludhiana (Punjab)—Hosiery.
Moradabad (U.P.)—Utensils, Calico-printing.
Mysore (Karnataka)—Silk.
Narora (U.P.)—Atomic Power Unit.
Nangal (Punjab)—Fertilizers.
Nepanagar (M.P.)—Newsprint.
Neyveli—Lignite.
Nunamati—Oil-refining.
Perambur (Tamil Nadu)—Integral Coach Factory.
Pimpri (Maharashtra)—Penicillin Factory.
Pinjore (Haryana)—Hindustan Machine Tools.
Rana Pratap Sagar (Rajasthan)—Hydro Power Plant.
Rawatbhata (Raj.)—Atomic Power Plant near Kota.
Raniganj (W.B.)—Coal mines.
Renukoote (U.P.)—Hindustan Aluminium works.
Rourkela (Orissa)—Steel, Fertilizers.
Rupnarainpur (W.B.)—Cables.
Saharanpur (U.P.)—Mangoes, Cigarette factory, paper mill.
Sindri (Jharkhand)—Fertilizers.
Singareni (Andhra Pradesh)—Coal.
Singhbhum (Jharkhand)—Copper.
Srinagar (Kashmir)—Woollen Shawls, silks, wood work embroidery.
Surajpur (Haryana)—Cement factory.
Surat (Gujarat)—Textiles.
Sholapur (Maharashtra)—Cotton textiles.
Tarapur (Maharashtra)—Atomic Power Plant.
Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu)—Cigar.
Titagarh (W.B.)—Paper and Jute.
Trombay (Maharashtra)—Atomic Reactors, Fertilizers, oil refineries, Uranium Thorium Factory.
Vijaypur (M.P.)—Fertilizers.
Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh)—Ship building, Iron and Steel and Oil refinery.
Zainkot (J & K)—Hindustan Machine Tools (Watches).
Important Residences of the World
Bogor Palace—Summer palace of the President of Indonesia.
Buckingham Palace (London)—King/Queen of England.
10-Downing Street (London)—Prime Minister of U.K.
Elysee Palace (Paris)—French President.
Rashtrapati Bhawan (New Delhi)—Indian President.
Vatican City (Rome)—Pope.
White House—U.S. President.
General Knowledge
History of Modern India
● Muazzam occupied the Mughal throne as Bahadur Shah after his success in the war of succession.
● Muazzam, the son of Aurangzeb was called as the ‘Shah Bekhabar’.
● The Mughal King Farrukh Siyar gratned concession to the English men to trade in Bengal, Gujarat and Hyderabad.
● In 1759 Ali Mohar, the son of Alamgir sat upon the Mughal throne as Shah Alam II.
● After the death of Maratha ruler Shahu, the real power of the State came in the hands of Peshwas.
● Nawab Murshid Quli Khan of Bengal transferred his capital to Murshidabad from Dacca.
● Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal transferred his capital to Moongher from Murshidabad.
● In the middle of the 18th century, the nominal ruler of Mysore was Chika Krishnaraj. The real power of the State lied with the two brothers—Nand Raj and Dev Raj.
● In 1761 Hyder Ali captured Nandraj and became the master of Mysore.
● In the first Anglo-Mysore war, Hyder Ali badly defeated the English army.
● In 1781 Hyder Ali conqurered Arcot but in 1781 at Porn Novo Sir Eyerkoot defeated him.
● Ali Muhammad Khan established the State of Rohilkhand.
● The early capital of Rohilkhand was ‘Awala’ which later shifted to Rampur.
● Guru Har Gobind Singh constructed the Akaal Takht at Amritsar.
● Guru Gobind Singh converted the Sikhs into a warring and military group.
● In 1721, the two sects of Sikhism ‘Bandai’ and ‘Tatkhalsa’ merged in one sect ‘Khalsa’. This sect became a headache for the Mughals.
● The Sikhs were organized in 12 unions or misls which grew in political significance. Later Ranjeet Singh conquered these misls and organized them into Punjab State.
● The ruler of the Afghanistan conferred the title of Raja upon Ranjeet Singh and appointed him the Subedar of Lahore.
● The treaty of Amritsar was signed between the English and Ranjeet Singh in 1809. As a result the English checked the expansion of Ranjeet Singh towards the region of Sutluj.
● According to the treaty of Amritsar, the English accepted Ranjeet Singh as an independent ruler.
● During first Anglo-Sikh war, the Governor-General of India was Lord Hardinge.
● Punjab was ruled by Maharaja Dalip Singh when the Lahore Treaty was signed in 1846 between the Sikhs and the English after the defeat of Sikhs in the first Anglo Sikh war.
● During Sirajudaulla’s time, the English settlement at Calcutta became a resort for the enemies of Nawab and the traitors.
● On 4th June, 1756 Sirajudaulla invaded and captured the Qasim Bazar factory of English near Murshidabad.
● The Black hole tragedy as it is known in history, came to light through the letter of Holvell. Some of the historians consider it imaginery.
● In the contemporary historical works like Sher-a-Mutkherin and Royas-us-Salatin, there is no reference to the Black hole tragedy.
● On 9th February, 1757, the Ali Nagar Treaty was signed between the English and the Nawab.
● After the war of Plassey, when Sirajudaulla was running away from Murshidabad towards Patna he was captured and killed.
● On 28 June, 1757, the English declared Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal.
● After victory in Plassey war, the English Company obtained concessions to trade in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
● On 25 November, 1759, the Bedara war was fought between the English and the Dutch and the Dutch were defeated. The victory helped the English in consolidating their hold on Bengal.
● Mir Qasim planned friendship with Vansittart to become the Nawab of Bengal.
● Mir Qasim gave to East India Company, the districts of Vardhman, Midnapur and Chittgaon for the expenditure of the English army.
● In 1764 the joint army of Mir Qasim, Shujauddaulla and Shah Alam fought with the English—the war of Buxar, the English were victorious in this war.
● After the Buxar War, the Allahabad treaty was signed between English and the Mughal King Shah Alam in 1765 AD.
● According to Allahabad Treaty, the districts of Kara and Allahabad were taken away from the Nawab of Oudh and given to Mughal King. The East India Company agreed to pay to the king a pension of Rs. 26 lacs. In lieu the English got Diwani rights in Bengal.
● After the death of Mir Jafar, his son Nizamuddaula was enthroned as Nawab of Bengal.
● K. M. Panikkar holds that from 1765 to 1772, the rule of East India Company in Bengal was the ‘rule of dacoits’.
● During Warren Hastings period, the Treasury was transferred by the East India Company to Calcutta from Murshidabad and Calcutta was made the capital.
● During the Governorship of Warren Hastings, in every district of subjugated India one Civil and one Criminal Court was opened.
● The cases upto to Rs. 500 were referred to the Civil Court and alone it, the appeal could be made to the Sadar Diwani Adalat.
● The District Criminal Court was put in charge of an Indian Officer.
● The Regulating Act of 1773 established a Supreme Court at Calcutta.
● The Permanent settlement introduced by Cornwallis brought changes in the land system. Most of the land came in the hands of commercial and rich classes of Calcutta.
● The Permanent settlement ensured the income of the Government. Besides the cooperation of the new Zamindars was obtained.
● In the Mahalwari system, land revenues was fixed either through the local Zamindars or their hereditary tax collectors or the Zamindars of the Mahal. Mahal was the collection of villages. The Mahalwari system was known in Punjab as the village system.
● The Raiyyatwari system was introduced during early 19th century in some regions of Madras and Bombay. The Govt. directly obtained a fixed amount from the peasants.
● In the Raiyyatwari system, the revenue rate was fixed 45% to 50% of the total produce separately.
● The Raiyyatwari system had many defects which the Govt. official accepted at the time of a parliamentary inspection for the renewal of the Company’s Charter.
● In the Fifth and Sixth decades of 19 century, the English invested in large amount to control Indian economy.
● The English invested their capital on roads and communications, Railway, Post and Telegraph, Banks and tea gardens.
● In 1830 the Ahoms again rebelled against the English. This time, the English Company adopted a peaceful policy and granted north Assam and some other region to King Purandar Singh.
● Raja Teerath Singh of Nanakkalo rebelled against the English with the help of Garo, Khampati and Sinhopo tribes. Soon it took the shape of a mass-movement. In 1833, the English could crust it with superior military force.
● In 1825, the Assam Rifles rebelled against the English.
● In 1838, the Indian troops stationed at Sholapur rebelled due to non-payment of the full allowances.
● In 1850 the Gobind Garh regiment rebelled.
● On 1 January, 1857, the use of British made Enfield Rifles was started in India. In the cartridges of this Rifle, the fat of cows and pigs were used.
● In March 1857, the soldiers of Bairakpur Cantt refused to use the fat cartridges.
● On 2 May, 1857, the Oudh Regiment of Lucknow too refused to use these cartridges. As a result, the Oudh regiment was disbanded.
● To the soldiers of Meerut who had refused to use the fat cartridges, an English military officer—Carr Michael Smith issued the jail punishment of 5 years.
● On 10 May, 1857, a section of the infantry and cavalry of Merrut rebelled at about 5 P.M.
● The rebels marched to Delhi, captured the city and declared Bahadurshah the emperor of India. Bahadurshah assumed the leadership of revolt in Delhi.
● During this rebellion, Nana Saheb established his suzeranity over Kanpur and declared himself the Peshwa.
● In Bundelkhand Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi assumed the leadership of the revolt.
● In Bihar, the zamindar of Jagdishpur, named Kunwar Singh led the revolt.
● On 28 May, 1857, the soldiers of Nasirabad Cantt in Rajasthan, rebelled.
● Kota and Adva were the main centres of revolt in Rajasthan.
● The Central India, Tantya Tope led the revolt.
● In U.P. the importnat centres of revolution were Jhansi, Kanpur, Bareilly, Meerut, Lucknow, Aligarh, Mathura and Agra.
● The Bareilly rebellion was led by Batakhs Khan.
● The Commissioner of Oudh, Henry Laurrence died of a blast on 4th July, 1857.
● While suppressing the revolt, the English officer Neil buried the dead Brahmans and burnt the dead Muslims.
● In March 1858, under the leadership of Kunwar Singh, the rebels captured Azamgarh.
● While marching towards Benaras from Azamgarh, there was an encounter between Kunwar Singh and the English officer Lord Mark in which Lord Mark had to run away to save his life.
● Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur was the only leader to have died under the banner of freedom.
● On 14 December, 1857, the English army blasted Kashmiri Gate of Delhi.
● In November 1857 the rebels defeated the English General Windaham near Kanpur.
● Vinayak Damodar Saverker was the first to name the rebellion of 1857 as the first war of Indian independence.
● According to Sir Seeley, the rebellion of 1857 was fully a national revolt conducted by selfish soldiers.
● Sir John Lawrence, P. E. Roberts and V. A. Smith have called it a Sepoy Mutiny.
● According to V. A. Smith, the rebellion of 1857 was purely a sepoy mutiny which fully reflected the indiscipline of Indian soldiers and the foolishness of English military officers.
● According to Sir James Outtram, the revolt of 1857 was the result of a conspiracy of the Muslims who desired to fulfill their self-interest on the strength of the Hindus.
● Ashok Mehta in his book, ‘The Great Revolt’, has attempted to prove that it was a national revolt.
● Pattabhi Sita Ramaiyya takes it to be the first war of Indian independence.
● After crushing the revolt of 1857, they constituted an India Council and abolished the Board of Directors. There were 15 members in the India Council and a Secretary of State for India.
● After the revolt, Lord Canning announced the Declaration of the Queen at a Durbar held at Allahabad. He called it, ‘the Magna Carta of Indian people’.
● In the Declaration of the Queen, the policy of expansion of the political limits came to an end.
● The rebels responsible for the murder of Englishmen were punished. All others were pardoned.
● The objective of Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, Ramkirshna Mission and the Theosophical society etc. was to herald a renaissance in India.
● Brahmo Samaj was founded in Calcutta by Raja Ram Mohan Roy on 20 August, 1828.
● Raja Ram Mohan Roy always advocated the appointment of Indians on high govt. posts. He played a major role in the abolition of Sati system.
● After the death of Raja Ram Mohan Roy on 20 August, 1833, Devendara Nath Tagore assumed the leadership of the Brahmo Samaj.
● Aadi Brahmo Samaj was established by Devendra Nath Thakur.
● Bhartiya Brahmo Samaj was founded by Keshav Chandra Sen.
● The principles of Brahmo Samaj helped immensely in the birth and Spread Indian nationalism.
● Raja Ram Mohan Roy established Vedant College, English School and Hindu College at Calcutta.
● Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the advocate of English Education and he thought English to be the vehicle of progress.
● It was due to the effort of Raja Ram Mohan Roy, that the restriction upon the newspapers were lifted.
● In 1819, at Maharashtra, Prarthna Sabha was founded. It came to an end due to its limited scope.
● In 1867 Atma Ram Pandurang established Prarthna Samaj. M. G. Ranade, R. G. Bhandarkar and Narayan Chandrawarkar were the prominent members of this Samaj.
● Dayanand Saraswati left his house at the age of 21. As a Brahmachari Sadhu, he travelled to different places in India.
● Dayanand Saraswati started the propagation of his religion from Agra.
● In 1874, he wrote his famous book Satyarth Prakash.
● On 10 April, 1875 he founded Arya Samaj at Bombay.
● Totapuri, a Vedantic sadhu taught Vedant Sadhna to Dayananda.
● Ramkrishna Paramhans was born in 1836 in a poor Brahman family of Hoogly district of Bengal.
● Swami Vivekanand was the most devoted disciple of Swami Ramkrishna Paramhans.
● Ramkrishna Pramhans did not establish any Ashram or sect.
● In 1893 in the All Religion Conference at Chicago Vivekanand impressed everyone, and started a Vedant Samaj there.
● In 1896 Vivekanand established Ramkrishna Mission.
● In the last years of the third decade of the 19th century, the young Bengal movement was led by an Englishman named Henry William Derozio.
● On 7 September, 1875 in New York, U.S.A. Madame H.P. Blatavesky (Russian) and Col. H. S. Alcott (American) founded the Theosophical Society.
● Mrs. Annie Besant, an Irish lady was a very active member of Theosophical Society in India.
● Due to the efforts of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, in 1856, the Widow Remarriage Act was legislated.
● The slogan of ‘Inkalab Zindabad’ was given by Mohammad Iqbal.
● Sir Saiyyad Ahmad Khan founded the Anglo Oriental College at Aligarh in 1877 which later became known as Aligarh Muslim University.
● Haji Shariatullah was the initiator of Faryaz movement.
● In Maharashtra the Bharat Sewak Samaj was started by Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
● In 1922 Amrit Lal Viththal Das established the Bheel Sewa Mandal.
● Jyoti Ba Phule was the champion of widowremarriage in Maharashtra.
● In 1911 Narayan Maltar Joshi organised the Social Service League, a society to solve the social problems. He was assisted by some educated Indians.
● Avanindra Nath Thakur founded the society known as—The Indian Society of Oriental Art.
● In the 19th century, the famous Bengali author Bankim Chandra Chatterjee composed the song— Vande Matram.
● In 1875, Sisir Kumar Ghose founded the India League.
● The Indian Association founded by Surendra Nath Banerjee was replaced by the Indian League in 1876.
● The credit for founding the Indian National Congress in 1885 goes to an English officer, Allen Octavian Hume.
● The first Conference of the Indian National Congress was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay under the chairmanship of W. C. Banerjee.
● Bal Gangadhar Tilak started Ganesh Mahotsav in 1893 and Shivaji Samaroh in 1895.
● Pandit Jugal Kishore published the first newspaper of India—Udant Martand. It was a paper which gave top priority to Indian interests.
● During Lord Curzon’s time in 1905, Bengal was divided.
● In 1911, in Lord Hardinge’s time, the partition of Bengal was cancelled.
● Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajeet Singh were exiled to Burma in 1907.
● In 1911 the capital of India was shifted to Delhi from Calcutta.
● On Nov. 1913, the Ghadar Party was founded at Sanfransisco city of America by the great revolutionary of Punjab named Lala Hardayal.
● Kashi Ram and Hardayal were the active members of the Ghadar Party.
● In 1906, Agha Khan founded the All India Muslim League.
● In 1916, a pact was signed between Muslim League and Congress which is known in history as the Lucknow Pact.
● In 1916 Bal Gangadhar Tilak established the Home Rule League of India.
● After Lucknow Pact, Congress and League presented the plan of political reforms based on separate electoral regions. This pact led to an increase in communalism.
● In 1914 Annie Besant brought out a newspaper in English named ‘New India’.
● Gandhiji established the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad.
● On 30 March, 1919, Satyagraha Day was observed in whole of India. The Satyagraha was peaceful at all places except Punjab and Delhi.
● Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin, the leaders of the Punjab Satyagraha were imprisoned. In protest, a meeting was organized at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar . The people who assembled here were gunned down. This is known as ‘Jalhianwalla bagh Massacre’ of April 1919.
● After the world war I, the Indian Muslims were excited due to the treatment meted out to Caliph by the British in Turkey. In 1919 they started the Khilafat movement under the leadership of Maulana Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali.
● The Congress joined the Muslims in Khilafat movement. On 31 August, 1919, the Khilafat Day was observed.
● Mahatma Gandhi launched the Non-cooperation Mass Movement in 1920-21. But violence broke out at Chauri Chaura then in Gorakhpur district which saddened Gandhiji. In February 1922 he announced the closure of the movement.
● In March 1922 Motilal Nehru and Deshbandhu Chitranjan Das established the Swaraj Party.
● In the elections of 1923 the Swaraj Party scored 40 seats out of 148.
● In 1927 the Bardoli Satyagraha was conducted by Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel.
● In 1928 under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon a Commission came to India to inspect the administrative work. The Indians boycotted it as no Indian was a member of the Commission. In March 1928 the Commission went back.
● In the 1929 Lahore Congress session held under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru, the meaning of Swaraj was declared as total independence.
● In 1930 Gandhiji broke the Salt laws by his Dandi March and he started the Civil Disobedience movement.
● In 1930, the Congress boycotted the first Round Table Conference.
● In 1931, after Gandhi-Irwin pact Gandhiji went to attend the second Round Table Conference along with the members of Muslim League.
● In the third Round table conference in 1932, Congress did not send any representative. Only 46 members went to participate under different categories.
● The meeting of the Executive of Congress held on 1 January, 1932 decided to again start the Civil Disobedience Movement due to the completely negative attitude of the Government.
● The British Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald declared the communal award on 16 August, 1932.
● On 25 September, 1932, the Poona Pact was signed. Common agreement was made on two conditions for preparing the electoral regions. The representative of the Depressed classes was B.R. Ambedkar.
● In 1932 Gandhiji founded the Harijan Sewak Sangh for the uplift of the Harijans.
● On 8 May, 1933 Gandhiji declared the programme of 21 days fast for his self-purification.
● Gandhiji began ‘Individual Satyagraha and Civil Disobedience on 1 August, 1933.
● The Government of India Act of 1935 had 312 articles and 19 enclosures.
● In 1935, the British provinces were 11 e.g., Madras, Bombay, Bengal, Bihar, Punjab, Orissa, Central Provinces, Assam, North West Frontier Provinces, United Provinces and Sindh.
● The Government of India Act of 1935, the subjects were divided into three departments—Federal, Provincial and Concurrent.
● This Act divided the British provinces of India in two categories. 11 were the provinces under the Governor and 5 provinces were under Lieutenant Commissioners.
● The Govt. of India Act, 1935, proposed Federal system and Provincial autonomy. The plan of Federal system could not be implemented. The elections for the Provincial legislative Councils were held in the January-February of 1937.
● The Congress won majority in 5 provinces—Madras, United Provinces, Central Provinces, Bihar and Orissa in the general election of 1937.
● In Punjab, the Unionist Party and Muslim League jointly formed the Government. This Government worked without any obstruction till 1947.
● In Bengal the Krishak Praja Party and the Muslim League jointly formed the Government. Its Cabinet worked till 14 August, 1947. Sikandar Hayaat Khan was the head of this Government.
● The Congress Cabinets worked from 1937 to 1939.
● In 1934, the members of Congress Executive, Acharya Narendra Dev, Jai Prakash and Achyut Patvardhan organized the Congress Socialist Party.
● In the Haripura session of the Congress (1938), S. C. Bose was unanimously elected the President.
● Subhash Chandra Bose organized a National Planning Committee.
● In 1939 Bose was relected Congress President defeating Gandhi’s candidate P. Sitaramayya.
● In April 1939, Subhash Chandra Bose resigned from the post of the President and started a militant party known as Forward Block.
● In 1939, Jawaharlal Nehru became the President of the Tribal Conference of Indian States.
● In 1933, a Muslim student named Choudhary Rahmat Ali studying in England proposed the formation of a separate Muslim State and called it Pakistan.
● On 24th March, 1940, in the Lahore Conference of the Muslim League, the Pakistan proposal was passed.
● Lord Linlithgo presented the August proposal before the Congress on 8 August, 1940 for getting cooperation during the war.
● The Individual Satyagraha was started from 17 October, 1940. Acharya Vinoba Bhave was the first Satyagrahi. Gandhiji postponed it on 17 December, 1940.
● It was restarted on 5 January, 1941. During this period more than 20 thousand people were arrested.
● Cripps Mission visited India in 1942. It was onemember Commission and only Sir Strafford Cripps was the member.
● The Congress and the League, both rejected the Cripps Proposals.
● The Quit India movement resolution was passed on 14 July, 1942 in the Executive of the Congress Session held at Wardha. It was reaffirmed on 8 August, 1942.
● The interim government of free India was organized on 21 October, 1943 by Subhash Chandra Bose in Singapore.
● 21 Indian political leaders were invited to attend a Conference at Simla in June 1945. It ended in failure.
● In December 1945, the General Elections were held in India. The Congress received the majority in 6 provinces.
● On 18 February, 1946, the non Commissioned officers and Naval soldiers of the Royal Indian Navy who were called Rattings, began a militant revolt at Bombay.
● In order to remove the Constitutional crisis the British Government sent the Cabinet Mission to India.
● It came on 29 March, 1946 to New Delhi and it declared its proposals.
● Muslim League observed the Direct Action Day on 16 August 1946.
● The Interim Government of India was organized under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. The Cabinet took oath on 2nd September, 1946.
● The Constituent Assembly first met under the chairmanship of Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 6th December, 1946.
● Atlee declared on 20 February, 1947 that the English would leave India after transferring the power to responsible people before June 1948.
● The Mountbatten Plan of 3 June, 1947 was mainly the Plan of partition. It was agreed upon by the Executive of the Indian National Congress on 14-15 June in a meeting at Delhi.
● In July 1947, the Indian Independence Act was passed by the British Parliament.
● India became independent on 15 August, 1947.
● On 26 January, 1950, the state of Hyderabad merged in the Indian Federation.
● On 20 April 1954, the Panchsheel Pact was signed between India and China.
● On 20 October, 1962 China invaded upon India. Soon it occupied Assam Valley and Laddakh. On 21 November, 1962, China declared one sided ceasefire.
● Muazzam occupied the Mughal throne as Bahadur Shah after his success in the war of succession.
● Muazzam, the son of Aurangzeb was called as the ‘Shah Bekhabar’.
● The Mughal King Farrukh Siyar gratned concession to the English men to trade in Bengal, Gujarat and Hyderabad.
● In 1759 Ali Mohar, the son of Alamgir sat upon the Mughal throne as Shah Alam II.
● After the death of Maratha ruler Shahu, the real power of the State came in the hands of Peshwas.
● Nawab Murshid Quli Khan of Bengal transferred his capital to Murshidabad from Dacca.
● Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal transferred his capital to Moongher from Murshidabad.
● In the middle of the 18th century, the nominal ruler of Mysore was Chika Krishnaraj. The real power of the State lied with the two brothers—Nand Raj and Dev Raj.
● In 1761 Hyder Ali captured Nandraj and became the master of Mysore.
● In the first Anglo-Mysore war, Hyder Ali badly defeated the English army.
● In 1781 Hyder Ali conqurered Arcot but in 1781 at Porn Novo Sir Eyerkoot defeated him.
● Ali Muhammad Khan established the State of Rohilkhand.
● The early capital of Rohilkhand was ‘Awala’ which later shifted to Rampur.
● Guru Har Gobind Singh constructed the Akaal Takht at Amritsar.
● Guru Gobind Singh converted the Sikhs into a warring and military group.
● In 1721, the two sects of Sikhism ‘Bandai’ and ‘Tatkhalsa’ merged in one sect ‘Khalsa’. This sect became a headache for the Mughals.
● The Sikhs were organized in 12 unions or misls which grew in political significance. Later Ranjeet Singh conquered these misls and organized them into Punjab State.
● The ruler of the Afghanistan conferred the title of Raja upon Ranjeet Singh and appointed him the Subedar of Lahore.
● The treaty of Amritsar was signed between the English and Ranjeet Singh in 1809. As a result the English checked the expansion of Ranjeet Singh towards the region of Sutluj.
● According to the treaty of Amritsar, the English accepted Ranjeet Singh as an independent ruler.
● During first Anglo-Sikh war, the Governor-General of India was Lord Hardinge.
● Punjab was ruled by Maharaja Dalip Singh when the Lahore Treaty was signed in 1846 between the Sikhs and the English after the defeat of Sikhs in the first Anglo Sikh war.
● During Sirajudaulla’s time, the English settlement at Calcutta became a resort for the enemies of Nawab and the traitors.
● On 4th June, 1756 Sirajudaulla invaded and captured the Qasim Bazar factory of English near Murshidabad.
● The Black hole tragedy as it is known in history, came to light through the letter of Holvell. Some of the historians consider it imaginery.
● In the contemporary historical works like Sher-a-Mutkherin and Royas-us-Salatin, there is no reference to the Black hole tragedy.
● On 9th February, 1757, the Ali Nagar Treaty was signed between the English and the Nawab.
● After the war of Plassey, when Sirajudaulla was running away from Murshidabad towards Patna he was captured and killed.
● On 28 June, 1757, the English declared Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal.
● After victory in Plassey war, the English Company obtained concessions to trade in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
● On 25 November, 1759, the Bedara war was fought between the English and the Dutch and the Dutch were defeated. The victory helped the English in consolidating their hold on Bengal.
● Mir Qasim planned friendship with Vansittart to become the Nawab of Bengal.
● Mir Qasim gave to East India Company, the districts of Vardhman, Midnapur and Chittgaon for the expenditure of the English army.
● In 1764 the joint army of Mir Qasim, Shujauddaulla and Shah Alam fought with the English—the war of Buxar, the English were victorious in this war.
● After the Buxar War, the Allahabad treaty was signed between English and the Mughal King Shah Alam in 1765 AD.
● According to Allahabad Treaty, the districts of Kara and Allahabad were taken away from the Nawab of Oudh and given to Mughal King. The East India Company agreed to pay to the king a pension of Rs. 26 lacs. In lieu the English got Diwani rights in Bengal.
● After the death of Mir Jafar, his son Nizamuddaula was enthroned as Nawab of Bengal.
● K. M. Panikkar holds that from 1765 to 1772, the rule of East India Company in Bengal was the ‘rule of dacoits’.
● During Warren Hastings period, the Treasury was transferred by the East India Company to Calcutta from Murshidabad and Calcutta was made the capital.
● During the Governorship of Warren Hastings, in every district of subjugated India one Civil and one Criminal Court was opened.
● The cases upto to Rs. 500 were referred to the Civil Court and alone it, the appeal could be made to the Sadar Diwani Adalat.
● The District Criminal Court was put in charge of an Indian Officer.
● The Regulating Act of 1773 established a Supreme Court at Calcutta.
● The Permanent settlement introduced by Cornwallis brought changes in the land system. Most of the land came in the hands of commercial and rich classes of Calcutta.
● The Permanent settlement ensured the income of the Government. Besides the cooperation of the new Zamindars was obtained.
● In the Mahalwari system, land revenues was fixed either through the local Zamindars or their hereditary tax collectors or the Zamindars of the Mahal. Mahal was the collection of villages. The Mahalwari system was known in Punjab as the village system.
● The Raiyyatwari system was introduced during early 19th century in some regions of Madras and Bombay. The Govt. directly obtained a fixed amount from the peasants.
● In the Raiyyatwari system, the revenue rate was fixed 45% to 50% of the total produce separately.
● The Raiyyatwari system had many defects which the Govt. official accepted at the time of a parliamentary inspection for the renewal of the Company’s Charter.
● In the Fifth and Sixth decades of 19 century, the English invested in large amount to control Indian economy.
● The English invested their capital on roads and communications, Railway, Post and Telegraph, Banks and tea gardens.
● In 1830 the Ahoms again rebelled against the English. This time, the English Company adopted a peaceful policy and granted north Assam and some other region to King Purandar Singh.
● Raja Teerath Singh of Nanakkalo rebelled against the English with the help of Garo, Khampati and Sinhopo tribes. Soon it took the shape of a mass-movement. In 1833, the English could crust it with superior military force.
● In 1825, the Assam Rifles rebelled against the English.
● In 1838, the Indian troops stationed at Sholapur rebelled due to non-payment of the full allowances.
● In 1850 the Gobind Garh regiment rebelled.
● On 1 January, 1857, the use of British made Enfield Rifles was started in India. In the cartridges of this Rifle, the fat of cows and pigs were used.
● In March 1857, the soldiers of Bairakpur Cantt refused to use the fat cartridges.
● On 2 May, 1857, the Oudh Regiment of Lucknow too refused to use these cartridges. As a result, the Oudh regiment was disbanded.
● To the soldiers of Meerut who had refused to use the fat cartridges, an English military officer—Carr Michael Smith issued the jail punishment of 5 years.
● On 10 May, 1857, a section of the infantry and cavalry of Merrut rebelled at about 5 P.M.
● The rebels marched to Delhi, captured the city and declared Bahadurshah the emperor of India. Bahadurshah assumed the leadership of revolt in Delhi.
● During this rebellion, Nana Saheb established his suzeranity over Kanpur and declared himself the Peshwa.
● In Bundelkhand Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi assumed the leadership of the revolt.
● In Bihar, the zamindar of Jagdishpur, named Kunwar Singh led the revolt.
● On 28 May, 1857, the soldiers of Nasirabad Cantt in Rajasthan, rebelled.
● Kota and Adva were the main centres of revolt in Rajasthan.
● The Central India, Tantya Tope led the revolt.
● In U.P. the importnat centres of revolution were Jhansi, Kanpur, Bareilly, Meerut, Lucknow, Aligarh, Mathura and Agra.
● The Bareilly rebellion was led by Batakhs Khan.
● The Commissioner of Oudh, Henry Laurrence died of a blast on 4th July, 1857.
● While suppressing the revolt, the English officer Neil buried the dead Brahmans and burnt the dead Muslims.
● In March 1858, under the leadership of Kunwar Singh, the rebels captured Azamgarh.
● While marching towards Benaras from Azamgarh, there was an encounter between Kunwar Singh and the English officer Lord Mark in which Lord Mark had to run away to save his life.
● Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur was the only leader to have died under the banner of freedom.
● On 14 December, 1857, the English army blasted Kashmiri Gate of Delhi.
● In November 1857 the rebels defeated the English General Windaham near Kanpur.
● Vinayak Damodar Saverker was the first to name the rebellion of 1857 as the first war of Indian independence.
● According to Sir Seeley, the rebellion of 1857 was fully a national revolt conducted by selfish soldiers.
● Sir John Lawrence, P. E. Roberts and V. A. Smith have called it a Sepoy Mutiny.
● According to V. A. Smith, the rebellion of 1857 was purely a sepoy mutiny which fully reflected the indiscipline of Indian soldiers and the foolishness of English military officers.
● According to Sir James Outtram, the revolt of 1857 was the result of a conspiracy of the Muslims who desired to fulfill their self-interest on the strength of the Hindus.
● Ashok Mehta in his book, ‘The Great Revolt’, has attempted to prove that it was a national revolt.
● Pattabhi Sita Ramaiyya takes it to be the first war of Indian independence.
● After crushing the revolt of 1857, they constituted an India Council and abolished the Board of Directors. There were 15 members in the India Council and a Secretary of State for India.
● After the revolt, Lord Canning announced the Declaration of the Queen at a Durbar held at Allahabad. He called it, ‘the Magna Carta of Indian people’.
● In the Declaration of the Queen, the policy of expansion of the political limits came to an end.
● The rebels responsible for the murder of Englishmen were punished. All others were pardoned.
● The objective of Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, Ramkirshna Mission and the Theosophical society etc. was to herald a renaissance in India.
● Brahmo Samaj was founded in Calcutta by Raja Ram Mohan Roy on 20 August, 1828.
● Raja Ram Mohan Roy always advocated the appointment of Indians on high govt. posts. He played a major role in the abolition of Sati system.
● After the death of Raja Ram Mohan Roy on 20 August, 1833, Devendara Nath Tagore assumed the leadership of the Brahmo Samaj.
● Aadi Brahmo Samaj was established by Devendra Nath Thakur.
● Bhartiya Brahmo Samaj was founded by Keshav Chandra Sen.
● The principles of Brahmo Samaj helped immensely in the birth and Spread Indian nationalism.
● Raja Ram Mohan Roy established Vedant College, English School and Hindu College at Calcutta.
● Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the advocate of English Education and he thought English to be the vehicle of progress.
● It was due to the effort of Raja Ram Mohan Roy, that the restriction upon the newspapers were lifted.
● In 1819, at Maharashtra, Prarthna Sabha was founded. It came to an end due to its limited scope.
● In 1867 Atma Ram Pandurang established Prarthna Samaj. M. G. Ranade, R. G. Bhandarkar and Narayan Chandrawarkar were the prominent members of this Samaj.
● Dayanand Saraswati left his house at the age of 21. As a Brahmachari Sadhu, he travelled to different places in India.
● Dayanand Saraswati started the propagation of his religion from Agra.
● In 1874, he wrote his famous book Satyarth Prakash.
● On 10 April, 1875 he founded Arya Samaj at Bombay.
● Totapuri, a Vedantic sadhu taught Vedant Sadhna to Dayananda.
● Ramkrishna Paramhans was born in 1836 in a poor Brahman family of Hoogly district of Bengal.
● Swami Vivekanand was the most devoted disciple of Swami Ramkrishna Paramhans.
● Ramkrishna Pramhans did not establish any Ashram or sect.
● In 1893 in the All Religion Conference at Chicago Vivekanand impressed everyone, and started a Vedant Samaj there.
● In 1896 Vivekanand established Ramkrishna Mission.
● In the last years of the third decade of the 19th century, the young Bengal movement was led by an Englishman named Henry William Derozio.
● On 7 September, 1875 in New York, U.S.A. Madame H.P. Blatavesky (Russian) and Col. H. S. Alcott (American) founded the Theosophical Society.
● Mrs. Annie Besant, an Irish lady was a very active member of Theosophical Society in India.
● Due to the efforts of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, in 1856, the Widow Remarriage Act was legislated.
● The slogan of ‘Inkalab Zindabad’ was given by Mohammad Iqbal.
● Sir Saiyyad Ahmad Khan founded the Anglo Oriental College at Aligarh in 1877 which later became known as Aligarh Muslim University.
● Haji Shariatullah was the initiator of Faryaz movement.
● In Maharashtra the Bharat Sewak Samaj was started by Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
● In 1922 Amrit Lal Viththal Das established the Bheel Sewa Mandal.
● Jyoti Ba Phule was the champion of widowremarriage in Maharashtra.
● In 1911 Narayan Maltar Joshi organised the Social Service League, a society to solve the social problems. He was assisted by some educated Indians.
● Avanindra Nath Thakur founded the society known as—The Indian Society of Oriental Art.
● In the 19th century, the famous Bengali author Bankim Chandra Chatterjee composed the song— Vande Matram.
● In 1875, Sisir Kumar Ghose founded the India League.
● The Indian Association founded by Surendra Nath Banerjee was replaced by the Indian League in 1876.
● The credit for founding the Indian National Congress in 1885 goes to an English officer, Allen Octavian Hume.
● The first Conference of the Indian National Congress was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay under the chairmanship of W. C. Banerjee.
● Bal Gangadhar Tilak started Ganesh Mahotsav in 1893 and Shivaji Samaroh in 1895.
● Pandit Jugal Kishore published the first newspaper of India—Udant Martand. It was a paper which gave top priority to Indian interests.
● During Lord Curzon’s time in 1905, Bengal was divided.
● In 1911, in Lord Hardinge’s time, the partition of Bengal was cancelled.
● Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajeet Singh were exiled to Burma in 1907.
● In 1911 the capital of India was shifted to Delhi from Calcutta.
● On Nov. 1913, the Ghadar Party was founded at Sanfransisco city of America by the great revolutionary of Punjab named Lala Hardayal.
● Kashi Ram and Hardayal were the active members of the Ghadar Party.
● In 1906, Agha Khan founded the All India Muslim League.
● In 1916, a pact was signed between Muslim League and Congress which is known in history as the Lucknow Pact.
● In 1916 Bal Gangadhar Tilak established the Home Rule League of India.
● After Lucknow Pact, Congress and League presented the plan of political reforms based on separate electoral regions. This pact led to an increase in communalism.
● In 1914 Annie Besant brought out a newspaper in English named ‘New India’.
● Gandhiji established the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad.
● On 30 March, 1919, Satyagraha Day was observed in whole of India. The Satyagraha was peaceful at all places except Punjab and Delhi.
● Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin, the leaders of the Punjab Satyagraha were imprisoned. In protest, a meeting was organized at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar . The people who assembled here were gunned down. This is known as ‘Jalhianwalla bagh Massacre’ of April 1919.
● After the world war I, the Indian Muslims were excited due to the treatment meted out to Caliph by the British in Turkey. In 1919 they started the Khilafat movement under the leadership of Maulana Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali.
● The Congress joined the Muslims in Khilafat movement. On 31 August, 1919, the Khilafat Day was observed.
● Mahatma Gandhi launched the Non-cooperation Mass Movement in 1920-21. But violence broke out at Chauri Chaura then in Gorakhpur district which saddened Gandhiji. In February 1922 he announced the closure of the movement.
● In March 1922 Motilal Nehru and Deshbandhu Chitranjan Das established the Swaraj Party.
● In the elections of 1923 the Swaraj Party scored 40 seats out of 148.
● In 1927 the Bardoli Satyagraha was conducted by Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel.
● In 1928 under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon a Commission came to India to inspect the administrative work. The Indians boycotted it as no Indian was a member of the Commission. In March 1928 the Commission went back.
● In the 1929 Lahore Congress session held under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru, the meaning of Swaraj was declared as total independence.
● In 1930 Gandhiji broke the Salt laws by his Dandi March and he started the Civil Disobedience movement.
● In 1930, the Congress boycotted the first Round Table Conference.
● In 1931, after Gandhi-Irwin pact Gandhiji went to attend the second Round Table Conference along with the members of Muslim League.
● In the third Round table conference in 1932, Congress did not send any representative. Only 46 members went to participate under different categories.
● The meeting of the Executive of Congress held on 1 January, 1932 decided to again start the Civil Disobedience Movement due to the completely negative attitude of the Government.
● The British Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald declared the communal award on 16 August, 1932.
● On 25 September, 1932, the Poona Pact was signed. Common agreement was made on two conditions for preparing the electoral regions. The representative of the Depressed classes was B.R. Ambedkar.
● In 1932 Gandhiji founded the Harijan Sewak Sangh for the uplift of the Harijans.
● On 8 May, 1933 Gandhiji declared the programme of 21 days fast for his self-purification.
● Gandhiji began ‘Individual Satyagraha and Civil Disobedience on 1 August, 1933.
● The Government of India Act of 1935 had 312 articles and 19 enclosures.
● In 1935, the British provinces were 11 e.g., Madras, Bombay, Bengal, Bihar, Punjab, Orissa, Central Provinces, Assam, North West Frontier Provinces, United Provinces and Sindh.
● The Government of India Act of 1935, the subjects were divided into three departments—Federal, Provincial and Concurrent.
● This Act divided the British provinces of India in two categories. 11 were the provinces under the Governor and 5 provinces were under Lieutenant Commissioners.
● The Govt. of India Act, 1935, proposed Federal system and Provincial autonomy. The plan of Federal system could not be implemented. The elections for the Provincial legislative Councils were held in the January-February of 1937.
● The Congress won majority in 5 provinces—Madras, United Provinces, Central Provinces, Bihar and Orissa in the general election of 1937.
● In Punjab, the Unionist Party and Muslim League jointly formed the Government. This Government worked without any obstruction till 1947.
● In Bengal the Krishak Praja Party and the Muslim League jointly formed the Government. Its Cabinet worked till 14 August, 1947. Sikandar Hayaat Khan was the head of this Government.
● The Congress Cabinets worked from 1937 to 1939.
● In 1934, the members of Congress Executive, Acharya Narendra Dev, Jai Prakash and Achyut Patvardhan organized the Congress Socialist Party.
● In the Haripura session of the Congress (1938), S. C. Bose was unanimously elected the President.
● Subhash Chandra Bose organized a National Planning Committee.
● In 1939 Bose was relected Congress President defeating Gandhi’s candidate P. Sitaramayya.
● In April 1939, Subhash Chandra Bose resigned from the post of the President and started a militant party known as Forward Block.
● In 1939, Jawaharlal Nehru became the President of the Tribal Conference of Indian States.
● In 1933, a Muslim student named Choudhary Rahmat Ali studying in England proposed the formation of a separate Muslim State and called it Pakistan.
● On 24th March, 1940, in the Lahore Conference of the Muslim League, the Pakistan proposal was passed.
● Lord Linlithgo presented the August proposal before the Congress on 8 August, 1940 for getting cooperation during the war.
● The Individual Satyagraha was started from 17 October, 1940. Acharya Vinoba Bhave was the first Satyagrahi. Gandhiji postponed it on 17 December, 1940.
● It was restarted on 5 January, 1941. During this period more than 20 thousand people were arrested.
● Cripps Mission visited India in 1942. It was onemember Commission and only Sir Strafford Cripps was the member.
● The Congress and the League, both rejected the Cripps Proposals.
● The Quit India movement resolution was passed on 14 July, 1942 in the Executive of the Congress Session held at Wardha. It was reaffirmed on 8 August, 1942.
● The interim government of free India was organized on 21 October, 1943 by Subhash Chandra Bose in Singapore.
● 21 Indian political leaders were invited to attend a Conference at Simla in June 1945. It ended in failure.
● In December 1945, the General Elections were held in India. The Congress received the majority in 6 provinces.
● On 18 February, 1946, the non Commissioned officers and Naval soldiers of the Royal Indian Navy who were called Rattings, began a militant revolt at Bombay.
● In order to remove the Constitutional crisis the British Government sent the Cabinet Mission to India.
● It came on 29 March, 1946 to New Delhi and it declared its proposals.
● Muslim League observed the Direct Action Day on 16 August 1946.
● The Interim Government of India was organized under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. The Cabinet took oath on 2nd September, 1946.
● The Constituent Assembly first met under the chairmanship of Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 6th December, 1946.
● Atlee declared on 20 February, 1947 that the English would leave India after transferring the power to responsible people before June 1948.
● The Mountbatten Plan of 3 June, 1947 was mainly the Plan of partition. It was agreed upon by the Executive of the Indian National Congress on 14-15 June in a meeting at Delhi.
● In July 1947, the Indian Independence Act was passed by the British Parliament.
● India became independent on 15 August, 1947.
● On 26 January, 1950, the state of Hyderabad merged in the Indian Federation.
● On 20 April 1954, the Panchsheel Pact was signed between India and China.
● On 20 October, 1962 China invaded upon India. Soon it occupied Assam Valley and Laddakh. On 21 November, 1962, China declared one sided ceasefire.
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